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General Psychology Chapter 8 – Memory. Sarah Rach. Questions to Consider. ABC… 123… What is your address? What is your cell phone number? Who are these people?. Can you read this?. Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs.
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General Psychology Chapter 8 – Memory Sarah Rach
Questions to Consider • ABC… • 123… • What is your address? • What is your cell phone number? • Who are these people?
Can you read this? • Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs. I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd what I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
Memory… • Is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
How do we remember? • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval ESR
Three stages to form memories 1. We record to-be-remembered information as sensory memories 2.We process information into a short-term memory bin, where we encode it through rehearsal 3.Information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval
Updated model • Some info is processed directly and automatically into long-term memory, without our conscious awareness • Working memory concentrates on the active processing of information in this stage • We pay attention to that which is novel or important • Use it or lose it
How much effort??? • To…. • Drive home • Get dressed • Put make up on • Walk to your class • Text message a friend • Type an email Examples of… Automatic Processing
We automatically process info about… • Space • You are taking a test… you recall that info at the top of the first page in the chapter • Time • You re-trace your day… and remember that at 12:30 you got home and set your cell phone down… now you can go and find it • Frequency • Wow, I have already ran into you three times today!
But it didn’t start that way… The cat purred as he pet it. C-A-T Learning to read requires effortful processing
Effortful Processing • 218-924-2372 • Take this number to the front desk (you may not write it down!) • How do you remember it???
We remember info better when… • It is distributed over time • Spacing effect – tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. • Semester course vs. one month course • Study a little each day NO Cramming!
Check out this list…. dog cat horse pig cow donkey chicken bull kitten calf
What do you remember? • First item? • Last item? • Middle items? • Serial position effect
There are many other ways to remember information… • Make it meaningful • Visual encoding • Acoustic encoding • Mnemonic devices • Chunking • Hierarchies
Back to that list… • What do you remember now???
When rehearsal isn’t enough • Paragraph on page 258 • Without making it meaningful – it doesn’t mean much to us and therefore it is very difficult to remember • Semantic encoding – process the info deeply by its meaning • Produces better recognition than shallow processing (visual or acoustic encoding)
The amount remembered depends both on the time spent learning and on our making it meaningful.
More on Encoding… • Visual • Easier to remember concrete words that we can attach visual images to • Abstract, low-imagery words are much more difficult • Inherent vs. baseball • Two ways is better than one! • Concrete nouns – we can visualize and it has a meaning (visual and semantic) • Candle
Life was so wonderful… • “Back in the day” • Rosy retrospect – phenomenon of remembering high points while forgetting mundane times …she forgot about almost missing the plane, the humid weather, sand crabs, and the rain on 5 of the 7 days they were there…
Mnemonic Devices Greek word for memory • Every good boy deserves fudge • My very elderly mother just served us nine pizzas • Peg-word System
Peg-word system • One is a bun • Two is a shoe • Three is a tree • Four is a door • Five is a hive • Six is sticks • Seven is heaven • Eight is a gate • Nine is swine • Ten is a hen Acoustic & Visual
Your Turn! • Shopping list for Walmart • You need ten items • Use the Peg-word system
Chunking • Occurs quite naturally • Personally meaningful arrangements • Acronyms • ROY G BIV – colors of the rainbow • FACE – keys on the piano • HOMES – Great Lakes names
Hierarchies • Make a hierarchy… Collie Cat Tabby Siamese Dog Poodle Mammal
Outlining Material • Encoding • Meaning • Imagery • Organization • Chunks • Hierarchies • Storage • Retrieval
Outline the remainder of the Chapter In groups… come up with an outline • 2. Storage • 3. Retrieval • 4. Forgetting • 5. Improving Memory
On Tuesday…we will… • Finish Chapter 8 • Start on Chapter 1 if time permits • In the mean time… • Be sure you have read all of Chapter 8 and started Chapter 1 by Tuesday • Have a GREAT long weekend!
