Chapter 1 Cells: The Basic Units of Life

1. Chapter 1Cells: The Basic Units of Life

2. Levels of Organization 1.) Cells – smallest living thing 2.) Tissues – many cells working together 3.) Organ – many tissues working together (stomach, heart, lungs, skin) 4.) Organ systems – many organs working together (nervous & digestive system)

3. 5.) Organism – many organ systems 6.) Population- same organisms living in same area 7.) Community- two or more different populations. 8.) Ecosystem- a community & all the nonliving things that affect it. • Terrestrial • Aquatic

4. Vocabulary • Organism-anything that can live on its own. • Unicellular-a single cell living on its own (ex. bacteria) • Multicellular- many cells living as a group of cells (ex. plants & animals)

5. Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke • Hooke was the first to discover cells in 1665 by looking at a piece of cork. • The invention of the microscope was necessary and lead to the discovery of cells because they are too small to see with the naked eye.

6. Image of Cork Cells

7. Discovery of Cells Anton von Leeuwenhoek • Dutch merchant • He looked at: pond scum, blood, & yeast in 1673. • He saw small “animals” in pond scum and called them “animalcules” Other Facts: • Made own microscope • First to see bacteria • Discovered yeast is unicellular

8. Cell Theory The three people to discover the cell theory are: Rudolf Virchow Theodor Schwann Matthias Schleiden

9. 3 Parts of the Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. • All cells come from existing cells.

10. Two Types of Cell

11. Eukaryotic Cell

12. Prokaryotic Cell

13. Parts of a Cell

14. Animal Cell Animal Cell

15. Plant Cell Plant Cell

16. Organelles • Structures in the cell that perform specific functions within the cell

17. Cell Membrane • Protective layer that surrounds all cells • Separates cells from their environment • Controls materials going into & out of the cell

18. Cytoplasm • Jelly-like fluid in the cell • Holds the organelles in place

19. Cytoskeleton • Web of proteins in the cytoplasm • Maintains structure of cell

20. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • A system of folded membrane that is used for lipid (fat) transport. • There are no ribosomes

21. Ribosomes • Smallest & most numerous organelles • Some float freely in cytoplasm • Some are attached to the Rough ER • Their function is to make proteins out of amino acids

22. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • A system of folded membranes which are covered in ribosomes • Used for protein transport

23. Golgi Complex • Packages lipids and proteins in small bubbles which may be used somewhere else inside or outside of the cell • Looks like smooth ER

24. Vesicle • Bubbles that form from the Golgi complex’s membrane • Surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell

25. Mitochondria • Power house of the cell that breaks down sugar to produce energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) • * All The Power

26. Vacuoles • Stores water • Much larger in plant cells than in animal cells

27. Lysosome • Contain digestive enzymes • Responsible for digestion and getting rid of waste

28. Nucleus • Controls the cell • Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which is the genetic material that carries information • Surrounded by a nuclear membrane that contains pores

29. Nucleolus • Dark area in the nucleus • Produces ribosomes

30. DNA • Inside the nucleus • Contain genes in two forms: • Chromatin: (thread-like substance) that DNA is typically shaped like • Chromosomes: (X-shaped substance) that DNA takes the form of when the cell is dividing Chromatin Chromosomes

31. Cell Wall • Outermost layer of PLANT cells (as well as fungi and some prokaryotes) • Gives shape & support to cells • Contains cellulose

32. Chloroplasts • Green organelle in plant cells only • Responsible for photosynthesis – process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, & water to make sugar & oxygen • Contain chlorophyll

38. Cells Alive!