U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

1. The Fourth Paradigm and data-driven discovery in riverine science Christian E. Torgersen USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

2. H.B. Noel Hynes A problem has been that the ecology of flowing water has been very difficult to conceptualize. We have only a partial picture of the biota and their interactions. Hot spots are important but difficult to sample. (Hynes 1989) “in every respect, the valley rules the stream.” (Hynes 1975)

3. The Fourth Paradigm and data-intensive discovery (2009) Data deluge! Scientific methods have to change. Massive datasets are changing the way we think and how we do science. 2007 Jim Gray (1944 – lost at sea in 2007)

4. Science Paradigms (Gray 2007) Thousand years ago: science was empirical describing natural phenomena Last few hundred years: theoretical branch using models, generalizations Last few decades: a computational branch simulating complex phenomena Today:data exploration (eScience) unify theory, experiment, and simulation Data captured by instrumentsOr generated by simulator Processed by software Information/Knowledge stored in computer Scientist analyzes database / filesusing data management and statistics

5. Earth and environment • Health and wellbeing • Scientific infrastructure • Scholarly communication 2009

6. Earth and environment • Data-centric computing • Environmental applications • Redefining ecological science • Ocean science • Astronomy • Sensor networks 2009

7. Big data tidal wave? Nature Science Magazine New York Times

8. 5-year $37.8 million

9. Charles Darwin http://verhaallijnen.nl/weblog/2013/05/10/elke-dag-op-ontdekkingsreis/ Travels by sea and land: Substitution of space for time on a grand scale http://greatmindsoftheworld.com/charles-darwin/

10. H.B. Noel Hynes "we spent time putting arrows on maps for each month of the year, showing where we had been informed that migrating red, or mature yellow, locusts had been observed. These were the fruit of hundreds of enquiries we had made of locals as we travelled about.” "we had accomplished a great deal. The role of the country in the pattern of seasonal locust movement was now understood, we had located the only breeding area and started up an effective control organisation in a region” (Hynes 2001)

11. Beyond description: Inferring processes from spatial patterns (McIntire and Fajardo 2009)

12. Using space (or time) as a surrogate for unmeasured processes • A merging of three components: • Precise implementation of ecological theory and/or knowledge, • A priori inference, and • Precise application of spatial analytical tools. http://en.wikipedia.org/ http://www.ontariofishspecies.com (McIntire and Fajardo 2009)

13. Networks unleashed… • Fisher (1997). Creativity, idea generation, and the functional morphology of streams. JNABS. FLoWS GIS Toolbox • Ver Hoef et al. (2006); Peterson and Ver Hoef (2010); Ver Hoef and Peterson (2010)

14. Spatial statistical models for stream networks: Synthesis and new directions Kevin McGuire

15. (McGuire et al. 2014)

16. ? Distance, connectedness, and flow direction Euclidean vs. instream distance (Torgersen et al. 2004)

17. ? Distance, connectedness, and flow direction Euclidean vs. instream distance (Torgersen et al. 2004)

18. ? ‘Torgegrams’ based on Flow- connected vs. “flow-unconnected” distance (Peterson et al. 2013, Isaak et al. 2014) SSN: An R Package for Spatial Statistical Modeling on Stream Networks

19. ? ‘Torgegrams’ based on Flow- connected vs. “flow-unconnected” distance (Peterson et al. 2013, Isaak et al. 2014) SSN: An R Package for Spatial Statistical Modeling on Stream Networks

20. Sill Slope Nugget Range Anatomy of the semivariogram Semivariance Separation distance “Half the average squared difference between points separated by a given distance.” (Palmer 2002)

21. Variograms and spatial patterns Random, homogeneous Large-scale, continuous gradient Small-scale patchiness Nested heterogeneity (Ettema and Wardle 2002)

22. Variograms and spatial patterns in stream networks (McGuire et al. 2014)

23. (McGuire et al. 2014)

24. (McGuire et al. 2014)

26. The stream and its valley Precipitation Vegetation Network flow/connectivity Geology/soils

27. Modeling and simulation Modeling and simulation through space (Dan Isaak and others)

28. Modeling and simulation through space and time (Vatland et al., accepted with revisions)

29. Data-driven discovery for future generations http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/collaboration/fourthparadigm/ “I’m a scientist inside, Dad. All children are scientists inside.”

30. Big challenges for “big” data in riverine science (1) Retraining of the “scientist inside”

31. Big challenges for “big” data in riverine science • (1) Retraining of the “scientist inside” • (2) Complementary use of all four science paradigms (sensu Jim Gray): • Empirical • Theoretical • Modeling and simulation • Data-intensive discovery

32. Big challenges for “big” data in riverine science • (1) Retraining of the “scientist inside” • (2) Complementary use of all four science paradigms (sensu Jim Gray): • Empirical • Theoretical • Modeling and simulation • Data-intensive discovery • (3) Internalizing and refining the approach of using “space and/or time as a surrogate for unmeasured processes”

33. “Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do to, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!” L. Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass

34. Acknowledgments "I said that much of what I was being rewarded for was work done by my associates, and I also pointed out that much of what we had published had been shown to be not quite right. I developed the theme that that is how science is supposed to work…” (Hynes 2001)

35. Colden Baxter (Idaho State Univ.) http://www.idahostatejournal.com/

36. U.S. Geological Survey