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SOME TERMS IN PHYSIOLOGY

SOME TERMS IN PHYSIOLOGY. THE BODY FLUIDS & KIDNEYS. Extracellular fluid compartment: All the fluids outside the cells. Intracellular fluid compartment: All the fluids inside the cells. Transcellular fluid compartment: Synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular, CSF

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SOME TERMS IN PHYSIOLOGY

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  1. SOME TERMS IN PHYSIOLOGY .

  2. THE BODY FLUIDS & KIDNEYS • Extracellular fluid compartment: All the fluids outside the cells. • Intracellular fluid compartment: All the fluids inside the cells. • Transcellular fluid compartment: Synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular, CSF • Osmosis: Movement of water molecules from area of high conc. to low conc. • Osmole: Total number of particles in a solution. (A solution containing 1 mole of glucose in each liter has a conc. of 1 osm/liter) • mOsm: = 1/1000 osmole. • Osmolality: Osmoles per Kg of water. • Osmolarity: Osmoles per Liter of solution.

  3. . • Tonicity: Osmolality of a solution. • Isotonic: Two solutions having same tonicity (any solution has the same tonicity as plasma). • Hypotonic: A solution having less tonicity than plasma . • Hypertonic: A solution having more tonicity than plasma. • Hydrostatic pressure: Pressure exerted by weight of fluid. • Autoregulation: Maintenance of constancy within normal limits.

  4. GIT • Digestion: Breaking down of large food particles into smaller ones. • Mastication: Chewing. • Deglutition: Swallowing. • Reflux: Reverse movement. • Duodenal osmoreceptors: The sensors which respond to Osmolality in duodenum.

  5. . • Icterus /Jaundice: Yellowish discoloration of mucous membranes, sclera & skin. • Peristalsis: Movement of intestine due to which food moves aborally. • Malabsorption: Defective absorption of digested food. • Constipation: Delay in normal emptying of large bowel. (Bowel=intestine) • Diarrhea: Increased frequency of bowel motions. • Defecation: The act of emptying of large bowel.

  6. ENDOCRINE • Exocrine gland: Secreting into duct. • Endocrine: Secreting into blood. • Paracrine : Secreting into interstitial fluid. • Autocrine :Acts on the same cell. • Hormone : Chemical messenger.

  7. . • Metabolism: = anabolism + catabolism (Utilization of food by living organism). • Anabolism: Building up of molecules. • Catabolism: Breaking down of molecules. • Adolescence/Puberty: The period during which secondary sexual characteristics develop.

  8. . • Fertilization: Combining of sperm with ovum. • Semen: Fluid secreted by male reproductive organ. • Pregnancy: Growth of fetus in uterus. • Fetus: Growing baby inside uterus. • Infertility: Inability to reproduce. • Contraception: Methods to prevent pregnancy. • Parturition/Labour: Delivery of baby & placenta. • Lactation: Process of milk production & secretion.

  9. Cardiovascular system • 1-Bradycardia :Slow heart (decrease heart rate). • 2-Tachycardia : Fast heart (increase heart rate) . • 3-Stroke volume: The amount of blood pushed by each ventricle per beat (SV). • 4-Cardiac output :The amount of blood pushed by each ventricle per minute (CO). N.B: CO = SV x HR (Heart rate).

  10. . • 5-Edema :Abnormal accumulation of excess fluid in any tissue. • 6-Hypertension:High blood pressure. • 7-Hypotension : Low blood pressure . • 8-Ischemia :Reduced blood. • 9-Infarction :The death of tissue due to lack of blood flow. • 10-Perfusion: The movement of blood throughout the tissue.

  11. Blood • 1-Erythrocytes:Red blood cells ( RBCs ). • 2-leucocytes : White blood cells ( WBCs ) • 3-Thrombocytes :Blood platelets . • 4-Haemoglobin : Carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues [Haem (iron protoporphyrin) globin (2 polypeptides chains)].

  12. Nerve and Muscle • 1-Active transport : Active carrier mediated transport(involvingtransport of a substance against its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane. • 2-Carrier mediated transport: involvingtransport of a substance across the plasma membrane facilitated by a carrier molecule . • 3-Excitable tissue: Tissue capable of producing electrical signals when excited (e,g. nerve and muscletissue).

  13. . • 4-Concentration gradient: a difference in concentration of a particular substance between two adjacent areas. • 5-Electrical gradient: a difference in charge between two adjacent areas. • 6-Electrochemical gradient: the simultaneous existence of an electrical gradient and concentration (chemical) gradient for a particular ion.

  14. . • Hypercalcaemia • Prefix:Hyper = increase [above ,extreme,…] • Root :calc = calcium • Suffix :emia =blood • Hypocalcaemia • Prefix:Hypo = decrease[under,below • Root :calc = calcium • Suffix :emia =blood

  15. . • Thrombocytopenia • Prefix: Thrombo= Thrombus[lump,clot] • Root : cyto = cell • Suffix: penia = decrease [ lacke,need] • Anemia • Prefix :An = without or not • Root : emia = blood • Acromegally • Prefix: Acr =extremity • Suffix: megally =great or large

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