Introduction to Policy, Institution and Process 政策、体制与过程引言

1. Introduction to Policy, Institution and Process政策、体制与过程引言

2. Policy, Institution and Process政策、体制与过程的含义 • The policy, institutions and processes (PIP) dimension of the SL framework comprises the social and institutional context within which rural individuals and families construct and adapt their livelihoods.SL框架中的政策、机构和过程部分包含了社会和体制的环境/背景，农村人口和家庭在其中构建和改变着他们的生计。 • As such it embraces quite a complex range of issues associated with participation, power, authority, governance, laws, policies, public service delivery, social relations (gender, caste, ethnicity), institutions (laws, markets, land tenure arrangements) and organisations (NGOs, government agencies, private sector).因此PIP包括了一系列复杂的问题，和参与、权力、权威、治理、法律、政策、公共服务供给、社会关系（社会性别、种姓、民族）、体制（法律、市场、土地利用制度）和组织（非政府组织、政府机构、私营部门）。

3. Difference from Vulnerability Context和脆弱性环境的区别 • In the SL framework, policy, institutions and processes differ from the vulnerability context in that the latter principally comprises exogenous trends and events (shocks, seasonality, economic trends), over which people have little or no control;在SL框架中，脆弱性环境或背景主要包括了外生性的趋势和事件（打击、季节性、经济趋势），人们无法控制； • while the former comprise social and political aspects which are typically endogenous to the norms and rules of the wider society, in which local communities can actually or potentially engage and participate .而PIP包括的是社会和政治方面，对于广义社会的规范和规则来说是属于内生性的，当地社区可以参与其中。

4. The Importance of PIPPIP的重要性 • PIP is important because it determines the degree to which an enabling or facilitating environment for livelihoods is in place, compared to an inhibiting and blocking one.PIP之所以重要，是因为它决定了与阻碍或限制性环境相比、有利于农户生计的环境存在或发挥作用的程度。 • The “processes” part of this dimension refers explicitly to processes of change in policies and institutions,而“过程”则是指政策和体制的变化， • and a considerable amount of contemporary development policy is about such change i.e. intended to lead to motivation, responsiveness, accountability, transparency, participation, even-handedness and so on in the performance of agencies that have the capacity to influence for the better livelihood prospects and choices.当代的发展政策中，大量的是关于变化，即在能够影响和改善生计的选择和前景的那些机构的运行中，增加激励，加强回应性、责任性、透明度、参与等。