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1. B) In the following nuclear reaction, 4 protons fuse to make one He nuclei and 2 positrons.

A) Life is result of chemical interactions of various elements in the environment. Chemical reactions are the results of a. Interaction of neutrons of different atoms b. Interaction of all the electrons in the atoms c. Interaction of electrons in the outer orbit of the atom.

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1. B) In the following nuclear reaction, 4 protons fuse to make one He nuclei and 2 positrons.

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  1. A) Life is result of chemical interactions of various elements in the environment. Chemical reactions are the results of • a. Interaction of neutrons of different atoms • b. Interaction of all the electrons in the atoms • c. Interaction of electrons in the outer orbit of the atom. • d. Nuclear interactions

  2. 1. B) In the following nuclear reaction, 4 protons fuse to make one He nuclei and 2 positrons. H +H + H + H = He + 2e+ + Light and Heat Is there an overall increase or decrease in entropy in this reaction?

  3. 2. If there is an increase in entropy during this reaction, in what form it is occurring? • 3. You measure energy during • heat change by measuring temperature • Light by measuring wavelength • Electricity by measuring voltage • Free Energy change of a chemical reaction by?

  4. 4. The original source of energy on this planet is • a. The chemical energy in the fossil fuel • b. Heat energy from sun • c,. Nuclear energy • d. Light energy only

  5. 5. Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneous reactions occur in a direction that increases the overall disorder in the system of universe or increases the entropy. • Plants synthesize different compounds and create beautiful orders from disorder like flowers (e.g. Glucose from CO2, leaves, flowers, and fruits). Which of the following is true? • a. This process does not obey the 2nd law of thermodynamics • b. Disorder is created in the water in ground • c. Disorder is created in the gas around the plants • d. Disorder of energy is created in solar plasma

  6. 6. A child grows in a beautiful ordered way under proper nourishment. Which of the following is true? a.This process does not obey the 2nd law of thermodynamics b. Disorder is created in the water in body c. Disorder is created in the surroundings d. Disorder is created by the toys broken by the child

  7. 7. Suppose you are running on the road for exercise. Write down the energy conversions from the source to the last form of energy in this process.

  8. 8. Which of the chemical group shown below is the best target for nucleophilic attack?

  9. Is burning of wood a favorable (spontaneous) reaction? If so, how and why? • 10 Calculate the standard free energy change of the following reaction with the concentration of different ingredients at equilibrium are • A+B = C+D Concentration of A = 1M • B = 1M • C = 1M • D = 1M • Gas constant R = 8.3 J/mol.K • Absolute temp T = 298 K • Or • If A= 10 mM, B= 10 mM, D and C are 1M each. • Or • A and b are 1M each, C and D are 10mM each

  10. 11. Which component is oxidizing agent in the following reaction? R-CHO + NAD+ + PO4-- = R-C-O-PO4 + NADH + H+ \ \ \ \\ O

  11. 12. If the reaction product in any reaction is resonance stabilized i.e. if it has different electronic configurations for the same compound, the reaction proceeds spontaneously in forward direction. Give a thermodynamic explanation for this phenomenon.

  12. 13. What would be the free energy change (DG) for a reaction that is at equilibrium? 14. A flask containing boiling water is left on the desk. Water molecules in boiling water move at faster rate. After one hr. water cools down to room temperature. This is an spontaneous reaction. Explain entropy change in this reaction.

  13. 15. Suppose the physiological concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi are as follows in human liver cells; ATP = 3.0 mM ADP = 1.5 mM Pi = 2.0 mM How much free energy will be released during ATP hydrolysis of ATP in this condition? dGo’ for ATP hydrolysis is -30.5 KJoules/mole 16. Dr. Pandey’s daily recommended energy requirement is 2000 Calories (8360 KJoules). How much ATP (in grams) is hydrolyzed in one day by Dr.Pandey?

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