The High Renaissance in Italy

1. The High Renaissance in Italy Italy during the Renaissance

2. Outline Chapter 13 Chapter 13: The High Renaissance in Italy OUTLINE Popes and Patronage Raphael Michelangelo The New Saint Peter's The High Renaissance in Venice Giorgione Titian Tintoretto Mannerism Sofonisba Anguissola Music in the Sixteenth Century Music at the Papal Court Venetian Music Contrasting Renaissance Voices Castiglione Cellini

3. Timeline Chapter 13 Timeline Chapter 13: The High Renaissance in Italy 1492 Columbus reaches America 1494 Manutius establishes Aldine Press in Venice 1506 Bramante commisioned by Pope Julius II to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica 1508-1511 Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel ceiling 1509-1511 Raphael, School of Athens 1513 Pope Leo X (reigns until 1521) 1528 Castiglione, The Courtier c. 1528 Pontormo, Deposition 1534-1541 Michelangelo, Last Judgment 1538 Titian, Venus of Urbino 1543 Vesalius, Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body 1545-1544 Cellini, Perseus 1610 Sofanisba Anguissola, Self Portrait

4. Patronage and the High Renaissance Art follows patronage, as we have noted. The "high" Renaissance is summed up in the lives and works of three artists: Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci. The first two did their most famous work in the Vatican in the sixteenth century while Leonardo, true to his restless spirit, sojourned there only for a time before he began his wanderings through the courts of Europe. It is their work that gives full meaning to the summation of Renaissance ideals

5. Pope Julius II The warrior pope who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Raphael to paint the Stanze di Raffaello in the Vatican, and Bramante to begin the new St. Peter's Basilica.

6. Papal Patronage vis-a-vis the Reformation When we look at the work of Raphael and Michelangelo under the patronage of the popes, we should not forget that this explosion of art and culture was taking place while a new and formidable revolution was in the making: the Protestant Reformation. While it would be overly simplistic to think that the Renaissance caused the Reformation, it certainly must be seen as a factor-as we will see in the next chapter. Even so, there is a marked shift in the atmosphere in which Michelangelo worked in Rome before 1521 and afterward, when the full force of the Protestant revolt in the North was making itself felt in Rome.

7. The Venetian Renaissance The artistic work in Rome can be profitably contrasted with that which took place in Venice during roughly the same period. The Roman Renaissance was under the patronage of the church. Venetian art and music enjoyed the same patronage source as did Florence in the preceding century: commerce and trade. Venice made its fortune from the sea: The shipping of its busy port looked to both Europe and the Middle East. It was fiercely protective of its independence (including its independence from papal Rome) and proud of its ancient traditions. Even the religious art of Venice had a certain freedom from the kind of art being produced in Rome in the same century because Venice had less contact with the seething ideas current in the century. • Giorgione • Titian • Tintoretto

8. Socio-cultural and Historic Limitations of Renaissance Humanism Renaissance ideas had also penetrated other areas of Italy. Florence still had its artistic life (although somewhat diminished from its great days in the fifteenth century) but provincial cities like Parma and Mantua were not without their notables. Much of this artistic activity rested in the courts of the nobility who supplied the kind of life and leisure that made possible the courtier and the court lifestyle immortalized in the book by Castiglione. The insufficiencies of this court culture would become clear when the religious wars of the sixteenth century broke out and humanism had to confront the new realities coming from the increasingly Protestant North

9. Raphael Crucifixion1502-03Oil on wood The Three Graces1504-05Oil on panel The Annunciation 1502-03Oil on canvas, RAFFAELLO Sanzio, The School of Athens, 1509, Fresco, 770 cm, Vatican

10. Michelangelo (later work) Interior of the Sistine Chapel1475-83, 1508-12, 1535-41 Moses1515Marble, 235 cm Tomb of Pope Julius II Sistine Chapel The ceiling1508-12Fresco, Vatican

11. Giorgione Pastoral Concert1508-09Oil on canvas Venetian Self-PortraitPaper on wood

12. Titian Sacred and Profane Love1514Oil on canvas Assumption of the Virgin1516-18Oil on canvasVenice (detail of Assumption) The Venus of Urbino, 1538Oil on canvas

13. Tintoretto Judith and Holofernes1550sOil on canvas Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery1546-48Oil on canvas The Discovery of St Mark's Body1562-66Oil on canvas Crucifixion (detail)1565Oil on canvas, 536 x 1224 cm Scuola di San Rocco, Venice

14. Mannerism Pontormo Supper at Emmaus1525Oil on canvas, 230 x 173 cmGalleria degli Uffizi, Florence PARMIGIANINO Madonna with Long Neck 1534-40Oil on panel, 216 x 132 cmGalleria degli Uffizi, Florence

15. Sofonisba Anguissola Sofonisba AnguissolaSelf Portrait1554oil on canvas

16. Music in the 16th Century (See Text, page 330 – 332 and Musical Selections – in class)