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CCS – Environmental Impacts

CCS – Environmental Impacts. Roger Barrowcliffe, 14 November 2007. Distribution of sources and sinks in Europe. Sources and sinks in NW Europe (2030). Opportunities for environmental impact. Fuel extraction. Fuel transport. Power Generation. Emissions. CO 2 storage. CO 2 transport.

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CCS – Environmental Impacts

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  1. CCS – Environmental Impacts Roger Barrowcliffe, 14 November 2007

  2. Distribution of sources and sinks in Europe

  3. Sources and sinks in NW Europe (2030)

  4. Opportunities for environmental impact Fuel extraction Fuel transport Power Generation Emissions CO2 storage CO2 transport Waste products

  5. Fuel – environmental issues ‘Fuel penalty’ has implications for: • Use of a finite resource • Socio-economic impacts • GHG and other emissions • Occupational risk Fuel transport has implications for: • GHG and other emissions

  6. CO2 transport/pipelines Additional pipelines associated with: • Temporary land take and ecological impact • Temporary socio – economic impact • Risk of rupture and consequent hazard • Energy use through compression

  7. EU scale of CO2 capture and storage

  8. CO2 storage • Use of offshore reservoirs associated with risk of: • Leaks to seawater and effect on ocean pH • Accidental release at the wellhead • Onshore reservoirs associated with: • Leakage, rupture and risk to humans/ecosystems

  9. Peterhead Power Station (as proposed by BP)

  10. Peterhead Power Station – the process (1)

  11. Peterhead Power Station – the process (2) Capture, transport and storage of CO2 Pre-Combustion Decarbonisation Power generation H2O + NOX and residual CO2 H2O + ½ O2 CO2 Hydrogen rich fuel Syngas Natural gas Electric Power Gas turbines and HRSGs Shift conversion of CO to CO2 CO2 Capture Reformer Partial Oxidation: CH4 + ½ O2 = CO + 2H2 & Steam Reforming: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2 Water Gas Shift Conversion: CO + H2O = CO2 + H2

  12. Electricity Export 475MW (Net) 477 barrels (64 tonnes) of oil Recovered/hr Natural Gas Fuel In 1231MWh (253.5TCO2/hr) Power station: Thermal Efficiency 38.6% (Net/LHV) CO2 to Miller 233.2Tonnes/hr Net CO2 sequestered 208.6 T/hr St Fergus Compression & Miller Operations CO2 to Atmosphere 20.3Tonnes/hr CO2 to Atmosphere 19.02TCO2 Miller + St Fergus 5.59TCO2 Total 24.61TCO2/hr Assumptions: 92% Capture St Fergus Compression (13MW) (430g CO2/kW) (Reference Case) Miller Platform (92MW for nominal 41MW output at 35% efficiency) (260g CO2/kW UK Ave) Steady state operation profile (Reference Case, Offshore compression requirements based on initial years of operation) Peterhead Power Station – the carbon balance

  13. DF1 Peterhead Electricity Export 1 kWh (Net) (92%CO2 capture) Natural Gas Fuel In 2.59 kWh (534 gCO2) Thermal Efficiency 38.6% (Net/LHV) CO2 to Atmosphere 43 g CO2 to Miller 491 g • 43 gCO2 (to atmosphere)/kWh UK Current Proven CCGT Technology - (F Class) Electricity Export 1 kWh (Net) Natural Gas Fuel In 1.79 kWh (368 gCO2) Thermal Efficiency 56.0% (Net/LHV) CO2 to atmosphere 368 g • 368 gCO2/kWh electricity export Peterhead PS v Current CCGT PS

  14. 900 800 700 600 gCO2 /kWh 500 2 876 net electricity generation 400 CO2 Captured 723 CO2 to atmosphere 491 300 430 404 368 200 343 100 43 0 UK Average UK Average UKGrid E Class CCGT UK Proven Baglan Bay - H Peterhead Coal Oil Electricity CCGT ClassCCGT Average Technology - F Class Generating Type Peterhead PS: a comparison with existing electricity generation

  15. Super critical coal fired PS – additional emissions (Source: IPCC)

  16. Summary of environmental issues • Most impacts are modest – but widely distributed • Some impacts are unknown and constitute risks

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