NAVIGATION

1. NAVIGATION Point A to Point B This does not supercede ANY official document.

2. (Cessna.com) Aircraft Antennas On light aircraft, the comm, nav, GPS, and transponder antennas are generally in the same location. Emergency Locator Transmitter ELT VOR Static Wicks Not Antennas GPS DME Distance Measuring Equipment Transponder Weather Radar Comm. (Communication)

3. + = INSTRUMENT COMBO’S

4. RADIO NAVAIDS VOR VORTAC VOR/DME

5. 360 FROM 180 TO CDI Display 270 FROM 090 TO 090 FROM 270 TO • Airplane Heading: 360 • Airplane Heading: 270 • Airplane Heading 180 • Airplane Heading: 090 • The white bar on the VOR Display represents the radial • emitted by the VOR station. The white empty circle in the • middle of the display represents your aircraft. Depending • on the TO/FROM indication, the displacement of the white • bar from the circle represents the distance and direction • from the VOR radial and direction from the station. 180 FROM 360 TO

6. CDI Display 270 FROM 090 TO 090 FROM 270 TO When you are tracking (usually outbound) a radial on the you refer to the radial as its indicated “number,” this would be the radial FROM. When tracking inbound TO a station, You would use your desired heading TO the station. i.e. 090 TO would be the same as 270 FROM. SO….. 001 FROM is ________ 084 TO is ___________ 132 FROM is ________ 264 TO is ___________ 180 FROM 360 TO

7. TO or FROM? TO FROM

8. NDB’s and ADF’s ALL AM broadcast stations may be used as radio beacons, NDB or commercial stations (provided you have the right equipment).

9. WHAT IS THIS SAYING? (100 TO)

10. Pilotage • Navigating by using landmarks you can see and comparing them with your chart is called pilotage. This is the most basic form of navigation, but the hardest for some people to actually do. Never try to compare your chart to the ground, only compare the ground to the chart. This way, you can match a large landmark on the ground to a small area on the chart (even when you’re lost). This skill becomes useful when your instruments break. NEVER TRY TO COMPARE THE CHART TO THE GROUND INOP.

11. Pros This is an example Of an easily verifiable Landmark with AT LEAST 10 distinctive features • Advantages: -Easy, reliable way to plan -Landmarks will ALWAYS be there (no maintenance like other nav aids) -Can see many from a great distance -Some are known by name to ATC (Squaw Peak, The “Gap,” Lake Pleasant, The “Canal and Freeway,” ect…) 45 minutes North of Phoenix, AZ Lake Pleasant

12. Cons • Must maintain a low altitude • May run into bad weather • Landmarks may look alike • Occasionally a zig-zag course must be flown. • Warm air and wind near the surface usually means turbulence, particularly through mountains.

13. Ded. Reckoning • Navigating by calculating the aircraft’s speed, time from the previous landmark or waypoint, and correcting for winds aloft is deduced reckoning. It can be used in conjunction with pilotage to determine an aircraft’s position between two points. INOP.

14. Flight time: 5 min Time remaining: 10 min Planned leg time: 15 min Ground Speed: 80 kts Leg total: 20 nm This should be easy

15. Cross-Country Planning • Check A/FD and chart effective dates. • Select destination (and get airport info.) • Select route (straight line is best if possible) • Pick points along the line • Measure distances and note mileage • Select altitude (allow lots of room) • Define navaid reference points (i.e. VOR radials with DME, triangulation, VOR rdaials and NDB radials, ect…) • Calculate estimated en-route time, fuel burn, and endurance (exclude unusable fuel). • Ensure it falls below the required fuel reserve at normal cruise fuel consumption. (AT LEAST: 30 min Day VFR, 45 min Night VFR ...FAR 91.151) • Get airport frequencies, runway dimensions, and runway headings • Get the current/forecasted weather (TAF, METAR, FA, Weather Warnings, FD, Sigmets, Convective Sigmets, Airmets, ect…) • Get all applicable NOTAMS and TFR’s.

16. Airspace Review FAR 19.155

17. Filing a Flight Plan X 115 PA-28-161/A N4364T KIWA 8500 0000Z KPRC - KIGM KLAS Las Vegas, McCarran NONE 2 hours 55 min. Private Student, 602-123-4567, KIWA 1 NONE 4 00 Blue on White RENO 1-800-WX-BRIEF -or- 1-800-992-7433

18. In Flight • First, above all else, FLY THE AIRPLANE! (it seems simple but you can be easily distracted) • Second, pay attention to your heading and reference points (correct for precession and wind drift). • Third, monitor the engine and fuel gauges. If anything is wrong and you start to panic…refer to step one, analyze the situation, and call for help if necessary.

19. Use the A/FD and charts to determine the correct frequencies and pattern entry procedures for the destination airport if you haven’t already (this should have been done during the planning phase). 300@15 knots Wind “Report 3 Mile Final, Runway 27” Finally Arrival • Land • Tie Down ATC Instruction Don’t plan a route using unusable fuel too! Planned/Expected Route