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Placenta Previa

Placenta Previa. Liu Wei Department of Ob & Gy Ren Ji hospital. General considerations. Definition In placenta previa, the placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment and located over the internal os. It constitutes an obstruction of descent of the presenting part.

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Placenta Previa

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  1. Placenta Previa Liu Wei Department of Ob & Gy Ren Ji hospital

  2. General considerations • Definition In placenta previa, the placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment and located over the internal os. It constitutes an obstruction of descent of the presenting part. • Main cause of obstetrical hemorrhage • Incidence 0.24%-1.57% (our country).

  3. Etiology • Uncertain • High risk factors • maternal age: >35 years • multiparity: 85% - 90% • prior cesarean delivery: 5 times • smoking

  4. Etiology • Causes • Endometrial abnormality • Scared or poorly vascularized endometrium in the corpus. • Curettage, Delivery, CS and infection of endometrium • Placental abnormality Large placenta (multiple pregnancy), succenturiate lobe (副胎盘) • Delayed development of trophoblast

  5. Classification • Total placenta previa The internal cervical os is covered completely by placenta • Partial placenta previa The internal os is partially covered by placenta • Marginal placenta previa The edge of the placenta is at the margin of the intenal os.

  6. classification

  7. Manifestation • Painless hemorrhage • The most characteristic symptom • Time: late pregnancy (after the 28th week) and delivery • Characteristics: sudden, painless and profuse • Cause of bleeding Mechanical separation of the placenta from its implantation site, either during the formation of the lower uterine segment, during effacement and dilatation of the cervix in labor. Placentitis. Rupture of the venous in the decidua basalis

  8. Manifestation • Anemia or shock repeated bleeding→ anemia heavy bleeding→ shock • Abnormal fetal position a high presenting part breech presentation (often)

  9. Diagnosis • History • Painless hemorrhage • At late pregnancy or delivery • History of curettage or CS

  10. Diagnosis • Signs • Abdominal findings • Uterus is soft, relaxed and nontender. • Contraction may be palpated. • A high presenting part can’t be pressed into the pelvic inlet. Breech presentation • Fetal heart tones maybe disappear (shock or abruption)

  11. Diagnosis • Speculum examination (窥阴检查) Rule out local causes of bleeding, such as cervical erosion or polyp or cancer. • Limited vaginal examination (seldom used) Palpation of the vaginal fornices to learn if there is an intervening bogginess between the fornix and presenting part. • Rectal examination is useless and dangerous

  12. Diagnosis • Ultrasonography • The most useful diagnostic method: 95% • Not make the diagnosis at the mid pregnancy. (≥34 weeks) • MRI • Check the placenta and membrane after delivery

  13. Differential Diagnosis • Placental abruption vagina bleeding with pain, tenderness of uterus. • Vascular previa • Abnormality of cervix cervical erosion or polyp or cancer

  14. Effects • obstetrical hemorrhage • Placenta accreta • Anemia and infection • Premature labor or fetal death or fetal distress

  15. Treatments • Expectant therapy • Rest: keep the bed • Controlling the contraction: MgSO4 • Treatment of anemia • Preventing infection

  16. Treatments • Termination of pregnancy • CS • total placenta previa (36th week), Partial placenta previa (37th week) and heavy bleeding with shock • Preventing postpartum hemorrhage: pitocin and PG • Hysterectomy: Placenta accreta or uncontroled bleeding

  17. Treatments • Vaginal delivery Marginal placenta previa Vaginal bleeding is limited

  18. END

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