English Colonies

1. English Colonies 1600s

2. Advantages of the island? Disadvantages? Difficult for English supply ships; poor soil, virtually dooming it to failure. Colonists, including 17 women and 9 children (the first English families to settle in the Americas. The surviving colonists probably headed north to Chesapeake Bay to execute their original plan. In 1607, when Enlish colonists reached Chesapeake By, some Indians reported that white people had recently lived nearby as reuees in a native village. Unfortunately, the village had run afoul of a powerful chieftain, Powhatan, who killed all the refugees. Roanoke demonstrated that the distracting pursuit of immediate wealth worked against the laborious and patient development of a plantation colony. Advantages of the island? Disadvantages? Difficult for English supply ships; poor soil, virtually dooming it to failure. Colonists, including 17 women and 9 children (the first English families to settle in the Americas. The surviving colonists probably headed north to Chesapeake Bay to execute their original plan. In 1607, when Enlish colonists reached Chesapeake By, some Indians reported that white people had recently lived nearby as reuees in a native village. Unfortunately, the village had run afoul of a powerful chieftain, Powhatan, who killed all the refugees. Roanoke demonstrated that the distracting pursuit of immediate wealth worked against the laborious and patient development of a plantation colony.

3. English ColoniesVirginia, 1570-1650 Roanoke�Part 1 (cont.) Commanded by Ralph Lane, veteran of the grim war in Ireland, the colonists demanded food from local Indians. By spring, 1586 the local chieftain, Wingina, stopped supplying colonists In a surprise attack, Lane killed Wingina and his deputy chiefs Starving colonists abandoned Roanoke later that spring Advantages of the island? Disadvantages? Difficult for English supply ships; poor soil, virtually dooming it to failure.Advantages of the island? Disadvantages? Difficult for English supply ships; poor soil, virtually dooming it to failure.

4. English ColoniesVirginia, 1570-1650 Roanoke�Part 2 Raleigh & Co. dispatched a second set of colonists, 1587 John White (civilian) led 94 colonists, including some women and children to settle in Chesapeake Bay Yet, impatient mariners dumped the colonists at Roanoke Leaving colonists behind, White soon returned home to seek supplies and reinforcements ..where he lingered while English shipping is confronted with Spanish Armada, 1588-89 White returns with a relief expedition to find the settlement abandoned, with only one clue as to their whereabouts �Croatoan� was carved on a tree Impatient English mariners refused to investigate Lessons of Roanoke failure? Colonists, including 17 women and 9 children (the first English families to settle in the Americas. The surviving colonists probably headed north to Chesapeake Bay to execute their original plan. In 1607, when Enlish colonists reached Chesapeake By, some Indians reported that white people had recently lived nearby as reuees in a native village. Unfortunately, the village had run afoul of a powerful chieftain, Powhatan, who killed all the refugees. Roanoke demonstrated that the distracting pursuit of immediate wealth worked against the laborious and patient development of a plantation colony.Colonists, including 17 women and 9 children (the first English families to settle in the Americas. The surviving colonists probably headed north to Chesapeake Bay to execute their original plan. In 1607, when Enlish colonists reached Chesapeake By, some Indians reported that white people had recently lived nearby as reuees in a native village. Unfortunately, the village had run afoul of a powerful chieftain, Powhatan, who killed all the refugees. Roanoke demonstrated that the distracting pursuit of immediate wealth worked against the laborious and patient development of a plantation colony.

5. http://www.virtualjamestown.org/images/white_debry_html/jamestown.html The most familiar European illustrations of the New World come from a man who never left Europe himself�Theodore de Bry, the Flemish publisher and engraver who adapted others' first-hand illustrations for his multi-volume Grands Voyages, which sold widely across Europe. But what of those first-hand drawings and watercolors? Some were created by trained artists sent along on expeditions to document their discoveries. Others were created by amateur artists whose drawings remained in private collections for centuries before being published. It is these original illustrations we highlight here, leaving the adapted de Bry engravings for the next section. In 1585 John White served as the official artist for the English expedition to Roanoke Island on the Outer Banks of present-day North Carolina. Most of his initial drawings were lost when the colonists left Roanoke in 1586, but he later produced sixty-three watercolors that survived in private collections. Not until 1964 were they published as a whole. On the Virtual Jamestown website you will see nineteen of White's watercolors of the Algonquian Indians, paired with the de Bry engravings based on them and published in 1590. There may be no better example of the metamorphosis of popular imagery than these White/de Bry pairings. The most familiar European illustrations of the New World come from a man who never left Europe himself�Theodore de Bry, the Flemish publisher and engraver who adapted others' first-hand illustrations for his multi-volume Grands Voyages, which sold widely across Europe. But what of those first-hand drawings and watercolors? Some were created by trained artists sent along on expeditions to document their discoveries. Others were created by amateur artists whose drawings remained in private collections for centuries before being published. It is these original illustrations we highlight here, leaving the adapted de Bry engravings for the next section. In 1585 John White served as the official artist for the English expedition to Roanoke Island on the Outer Banks of present-day North Carolina. Most of his initial drawings were lost when the colonists left Roanoke in 1586, but he later produced sixty-three watercolors that survived in private collections. Not until 1964 were they published as a whole. On the Virtual Jamestown website you will see nineteen of White's watercolors of the Algonquian Indians, paired with the de Bry engravings based on them and published in 1590. There may be no better example of the metamorphosis of popular imagery than these White/de Bry pairings.

6. English ColoniesVirginia, 1570-1650 Context, leading up to 1585 Spanish interests along the Atlantic seaboard stop at Florida (recall: Saint Augustine, 1565) English leaders turn their colonial ambitions from Ireland to �Virginia� Yet war with Spain (erupting in 1585) forces the crown to subcontract colonization by issuing licenses and monopolies to private adventurer. What type of merchants would assume such risks? Dreamers and gamblers Zealous English patriots and devout Protestants �West Country men� Goals? ��to plant Christianity, to traffic, to conquer� Naming it after their virgin queen, Elizabeth I. Between 1580 and 1620 the English applied the name to the entire mid-Atlantic coast between Florida and Acadia. Private adventurers assumed the risks in speculative pursuit of profits. English colonial promoters were dreamers and gamblers driven by their visionary imagination. The prime movers were politically well-connected gentlemen from the southwestern countries of England, where ambitious people looked westward toward Ireland and beyond for opportunities. �West Country men�: Sir Francis Drake, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Sir Humphrey Gilbert. In London, they retained as publicists two cousins both name Richard Hakluyt, the elder a prominent lawyer and the younger a clergyman.Naming it after their virgin queen, Elizabeth I. Between 1580 and 1620 the English applied the name to the entire mid-Atlantic coast between Florida and Acadia. Private adventurers assumed the risks in speculative pursuit of profits. English colonial promoters were dreamers and gamblers driven by their visionary imagination. The prime movers were politically well-connected gentlemen from the southwestern countries of England, where ambitious people looked westward toward Ireland and beyond for opportunities. �West Country men�: Sir Francis Drake, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Sir Humphrey Gilbert. In London, they retained as publicists two cousins both name Richard Hakluyt, the elder a prominent lawyer and the younger a clergyman.

7. English ColoniesVirginia, 1570-1650 Context, leading up to 1585 (cont.) Social conditions in England Wealth and power concentrated in less than 5% of the population Monarch, aristocracy, and gentry Population growth outpaced economy during 1500s ..causing rural people to suffer increasing displacement and unemployment. London became notorious for filth, poverty, plagues, fires, crime, and executions. Solution posed by the West Country promoters? Virginia �to control and employ the poor while generating new wealth and power for the realm Unlike the authoritarian kings of France and Spain, Queen Elizabeth had to share national power the aristocracy and gentry, who composed the Parliament (house of Lords and Commons). Only 25% of the male population qualified to vote and only for one hose of Parliament The idle and larcenous poor could be put to work raising commodities for transport to, and sale in, England. This would improve England�s balance of trade with other nations. Moreover, as a new market for English manufactures, a colony promised relief to the depressed cloth industry.Unlike the authoritarian kings of France and Spain, Queen Elizabeth had to share national power the aristocracy and gentry, who composed the Parliament (house of Lords and Commons). Only 25% of the male population qualified to vote and only for one hose of Parliament The idle and larcenous poor could be put to work raising commodities for transport to, and sale in, England. This would improve England�s balance of trade with other nations. Moreover, as a new market for English manufactures, a colony promised relief to the depressed cloth industry.

8. A Land As God Made It Ch. 1: Two Worlds (cont.) English Interests in Virginia Why was England interested in Virginia? What was the world-stage drama in which Virginia factored? Who were the �projectors�? Elizabethan era Promoter (�projector�) Hakluyt�s model Sir Walter Raleigh's Roanoke enterprises 1584, 1585, 1587 James I (r. 1603-1625) Earl of Salisbury�s (king�s first minister) model Captain Christopher Newport leads voyage to settle Jamestown, 1607 Promoter (�projector�) Hakluyt�s Vision p. 24 Promoter (�projector�) Hakluyt�s Vision p. 24

9. English ColoniesVirginia, 1570-1650 Chesapeake Bay Indigenous Setting Environment Meeting place of freshwater rivers and tidewater estuaries Abundant fish, shellfish, edible plants, and game animals Complex navigable waterway system

10. English ColoniesVirginia, 1570-1650 Chesapeake Bay Indigenous Setting People 24,000 Algonquian-speaking Indians divided into thirty tribes. Paramount chief: Powhatan A paramount chiefdom was an elaborate kingship network that gathered and redistributed tribute. Sometimes Powhatan retained and adopted the village chiefs he defeated and subordinated, taking their daughters as wives. Other chiefs he replaced with blood relatives. Consequently, his polygamy united his chiefdom in two ways, by taking wives of subordinated chiefs into his own family and by producing numerous children to direct other villages.A paramount chiefdom was an elaborate kingship network that gathered and redistributed tribute. Sometimes Powhatan retained and adopted the village chiefs he defeated and subordinated, taking their daughters as wives. Other chiefs he replaced with blood relatives. Consequently, his polygamy united his chiefdom in two ways, by taking wives of subordinated chiefs into his own family and by producing numerous children to direct other villages.

11. English Colonies Chesapeake Bay: Jamestown, 1607 Early Struggles 104 colonists in three ships, led by Christopher Newport, arrive at �James River� and found Jamestown, 1607 Colonists die in droves from disease and hunger. Stability Role of John Smith, (in Jamestown, 1607-09) Role of John Rolf, (in Jamestown, 1610-16) Role of Indians Powhatans: Chief Powhatan, (ruled to 1618) Pocahontas (d. 1617) Married Rolf in 1614 Rolfs moved to England in 1616 Opechancanough, (ruled 1618-1646) Attacked colony in 1622 (killing one-third of colonists) 38 survive after nine months After more ships arrive the next summer (1609) expanding colony to 220, only 60 remained alive by spring 1610. Survivors abandoned Jamestown in June, only to be intercepted down near the river�s mouth by three ships form England bearing 300 new colonists Between 1607 and 1622, the Virginia Company sent 10,000 people, but only 20 percent were still alive there in 1622. One starving colonist killed and ate his wife, for which he was tried, convicted, and burned at the stake. Jamestown lay beside a broad swamp, which was good for defense against Spanish or Indian attack but bad for the health of the colonists. In the hot and humid summer, the swamp bred millions of mosquitoes, carriers of malaria. In addition, the shallow wells were contaminated by brackish water, exposing the inhabitants to salt poisoning, especially during the summer when the river ran low. The stagnant river waters of summer and early fall also retained the garbage and excrement generated by the colonists, promoting the pathogenic microbes of dysentery and typhoid fever.38 survive after nine months After more ships arrive the next summer (1609) expanding colony to 220, only 60 remained alive by spring 1610. Survivors abandoned Jamestown in June, only to be intercepted down near the river�s mouth by three ships form England bearing 300 new colonists Between 1607 and 1622, the Virginia Company sent 10,000 people, but only 20 percent were still alive there in 1622. One starving colonist killed and ate his wife, for which he was tried, convicted, and burned at the stake. Jamestown lay beside a broad swamp, which was good for defense against Spanish or Indian attack but bad for the health of the colonists. In the hot and humid summer, the swamp bred millions of mosquitoes, carriers of malaria. In addition, the shallow wells were contaminated by brackish water, exposing the inhabitants to salt poisoning, especially during the summer when the river ran low. The stagnant river waters of summer and early fall also retained the garbage and excrement generated by the colonists, promoting the pathogenic microbes of dysentery and typhoid fever.

12. fig02_03_01.jpg Page 51: A portrait of John Smith, the leader of the early Virginia colony, engraved on a 1624 map of New England. Corbis Page 51: A portrait of John Smith, the leader of the early Virginia colony, engraved on a 1624 map of New England. Corbis

13. fig02_04.jpg Page 52: Powhatan, the most prominent Indian leader in the original area of English settlement in Virginia. This image, showing Powhatan and his court, was engraved on John Smith�s map of Virginia and included in Smith�s General History of Virginia, published in 1624. Reproduced from the Collection of the Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-73206 Page 52: Powhatan, the most prominent Indian leader in the original area of English settlement in Virginia. This image, showing Powhatan and his court, was engraved on John Smith�s map of Virginia and included in Smith�s General History of Virginia, published in 1624. Reproduced from the Collection of the Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-73206

14. fig02_05.jpg Page 53: Theodor de Bry�s engraving of the 1622 Indian uprising in Virginia depicts the Indians massacring defenseless colonists (who are shown unarmed although many in fact owned guns). Reproduced from the Collection of the Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-5306 Page 53: Theodor de Bry�s engraving of the 1622 Indian uprising in Virginia depicts the Indians massacring defenseless colonists (who are shown unarmed although many in fact owned guns). Reproduced from the Collection of the Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-5306

15. fig02_07.jpg Page 55: An advertisement for tobacco, including the image of Sir Walter Raleigh. At the bottom, slaves handle barrels and a tobacco plant. Credit: Ingham Fosler Collection.Page 55: An advertisement for tobacco, including the image of Sir Walter Raleigh. At the bottom, slaves handle barrels and a tobacco plant. Credit: Ingham Fosler Collection.

16. fig02_09.jpg Page 61: Processing tobacco was as labor-intensive as caring for the plant in the fields. Here, scantily clad slaves and female indentured servants work with the crop after it has been harvested. Corbis Page 61: Processing tobacco was as labor-intensive as caring for the plant in the fields. Here, scantily clad slaves and female indentured servants work with the crop after it has been harvested. Corbis

18. Model of Christian CharityJohn Winthrop, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 �For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world.�

20. Page 72: Seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Indian's scanty attire suggests a lack of civilization. His statement "Come Over and Help Us," based on an incident in the Bible, illustrates the English conviction that they were liberating the native population, rather than exploiting them like other empires. Credit: Courtesy of the Massachusetts Archives.Page 72: Seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Indian's scanty attire suggests a lack of civilization. His statement "Come Over and Help Us," based on an incident in the Bible, illustrates the English conviction that they were liberating the native population, rather than exploiting them like other empires. Credit: Courtesy of the Massachusetts Archives.

21. Puritan New England Background: Protestant Reformation Founding Movements: Martin Luther, 1517 (Germany) �Faith Alone� John Calvin, 1533 (Switzerland) (Double) Predestination Impact on ritual? On clergy? On one�s outlook on life?

22. Protestant Reformation Martin Luther In Germany, 1517, Martin Luther (Augustinian monk) launches a critical attack of Church practices as theologically unsound. Followers called Lutherans (northern Germany). What was Luther�s personal dilemma that led to this protest? ��God judges according to your inmost convictions; His law must be fulfilled in your very heart, and cannot be obeyed if you merely perform certain acts.� �Granted that, in appearance and conduct, you observe the law, owing to your fear of punishment or hope of reward, yet you do nothing from free choice and out of love for the law.�

23. Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (cont.) What was his theological breakthrough? How does one follow the law i.e., how does one follow the law out of love, rather than obedience? ��this unconstrained love, is put into our hearts by the Holy Spirit� through the word of God, the gospel.� �We reach the conclusion that faith alone justifies us and fulfils the law.� �Faith, however, is something that God effects in us.� �Faith is a living and unshakable confidence, a belief in the grace of God so assured that a man would die a thousand deaths for its sake.�

24. Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (cont.) How did Luther�s theology impact his view of the church, priests, and ritual (e.g., the traditional 7 sacraments). On what single authority is Christian knowledge based? In Switzerland, 1533, John Calvin (scholar and theologian) accepts Luther�s movement, but goes further by emphasizing the exclusivity of God�s will in human salvation. Followers called Calvinists. Central theological principle (double) predestination Impact on practice: clergy, church, and ritual How does one achieve salvation? (trick question) What does one do then? Luther defined a sacrament as: 1. instituted by God; 2. in which God Himself has joined His Word of promise to the visible element; 3. and by which He offers, gives and seals the forgiveness of sin earned by Christ (Luther's Small Catechism with Explanation, St. Louis: Concordia, 1991, 236). This strict definition narrowed the number of sacraments down to just two, Baptism and Holy Communion, with the other five rituals eliminated for not having a visible element or the ability to forgive sin. This definition, and the resulting elimination, has historically been held by both Lutheranism and, later, the much of the Anglican Communion. Luther defined a sacrament as: 1. instituted by God; 2. in which God Himself has joined His Word of promise to the visible element; 3. and by which He offers, gives and seals the forgiveness of sin earned by Christ (Luther's Small Catechism with Explanation, St. Louis: Concordia, 1991, 236). This strict definition narrowed the number of sacraments down to just two, Baptism and Holy Communion, with the other five rituals eliminated for not having a visible element or the ability to forgive sin. This definition, and the resulting elimination, has historically been held by both Lutheranism and, later, the much of the Anglican Communion.

25. Protestant Reformation In France, protestant minority known as Huguenots. in Netherlands, Dutch Reformed Church is formed. Elsewhere in Continental Europe, in regions outlying Lutheran and Calvinist movements, a grassroots �radical reformation� begins in the 1520s, which produced Anabaptists. The Roman Catholic response: The Counter-Reformation, 1540s These groups reject religious establishments, and recognize that the true Christian authority resides in those who are predestined for salvation�i.e, its saints, those who have received the light of God. Followers are called Anabaptists, of which Menonnites, Dunkers, and Moravians are examples. Adult baptisms are performed. The Roman Catholic Church removes many of its �abusive� practices identified by Protestant reformers, while vigorously attacking the Protestant movement. Its leading theologian, Ignatius Loyola (d. 1556) emphasized both outward and inner pietyThese groups reject religious establishments, and recognize that the true Christian authority resides in those who are predestined for salvation�i.e, its saints, those who have received the light of God. Followers are called Anabaptists, of which Menonnites, Dunkers, and Moravians are examples. Adult baptisms are performed. The Roman Catholic Church removes many of its �abusive� practices identified by Protestant reformers, while vigorously attacking the Protestant movement. Its leading theologian, Ignatius Loyola (d. 1556) emphasized both outward and inner piety

26. Protestant Reformation England: 1554, King Henry VIII, severs England from the Roman Catholic Church and declares himself supreme head of the Church of England. What kinds of changes did he make to the church? During Elizabeth I reign (1558-1603), movements inspired by Calvin�s teaching push to �purify� the Anglican church of its remaining Roman Catholic influences = the so-called �puritans.� The term has two designations: General = The puritan denominations of England Specific = The Puritan denomination of New England i. Presbyterians (John Knox, 1559): authority in the hands of elected church representatives�i.e., �presbyters.� ii. Puritans (separatists and non-separatists): ministry controlled by laity. iii. Baptists: baptism reserved for those who can demonstrate election. iv. Quakers �The Society of Friends� (1650-): deemphasized sermons and emphasized gatherings led by those who were stirred by the spirit. i. Presbyterians (John Knox, 1559): authority in the hands of elected church representatives�i.e., �presbyters.� ii. Puritans (separatists and non-separatists): ministry controlled by laity. iii. Baptists: baptism reserved for those who can demonstrate election. iv. Quakers �The Society of Friends� (1650-): deemphasized sermons and emphasized gatherings led by those who were stirred by the spirit.

27. Puritan New England Background: English Reformation King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Sever the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church, 1554 Why? What kinds of changes did he make to the church? Puritan Movement, 1600s Inspired by Calvinistic theology �Heretical� positions staunchly opposed by Puritans Arminianism Salvation is conditioned by human free will �You may follow the law to achieve salvation.� Antinomianism Freedom from requirements of scriptural Law �God speaks/acts through me.� What do they seek? The term �puritan� is used in two ways: (in general) The various puritan factions of England (in specific) The non-separatist Puritan settlers of New England �who would merge with the separatist Pilgrims and form the Congregational Church During Elizabeth I reign (1558-1603), movements inspired by Calvin�s teaching push to �purify� the Anglican church of its remaining Roman Catholic influences = the so-called �puritans.� Puritan dissention in England increases: Kings James I (r. 1603-1625) Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Religious outrage: marries Catholic; Bishop Laud intensifies the authority of the Church England. Correspondingly, puritans detect an increasing Armenian presence in church practices. Why? Political outrage: Disbands Parliament in 1629 What was the solution? Political alignment with Parliament Two options for puritan members of the Anglican church. separatism or non-separatism What was the special problem for the �non-separatists?� Why did they leave England in 1629? Massachusetts Puritan Separatists found Plymouth Colony, 1620 w/o royal charter Drafted Mayflower Contract, The first �constitution� adopted in North America and used the Puritan model of a self-governing religious congregation as the blueprint for political society. Puritan Non-Separatists found Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629 MBA absorbs Plymouth in 1691 Salem Witchcraft trials, 1692 During Elizabeth I reign (1558-1603), movements inspired by Calvin�s teaching push to �purify� the Anglican church of its remaining Roman Catholic influences = the so-called �puritans.� Puritan dissention in England increases: Kings James I (r. 1603-1625) Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Religious outrage: marries Catholic; Bishop Laud intensifies the authority of the Church England. Correspondingly, puritans detect an increasing Armenian presence in church practices. Why? Political outrage: Disbands Parliament in 1629 What was the solution? Political alignment with Parliament Two options for puritan members of the Anglican church. separatism or non-separatism What was the special problem for the �non-separatists?� Why did they leave England in 1629? Massachusetts Puritan Separatists found Plymouth Colony, 1620 w/o royal charter Drafted Mayflower Contract, The first �constitution� adopted in North America and used the Puritan model of a self-governing religious congregation as the blueprint for political society. Puritan Non-Separatists found Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629 MBA absorbs Plymouth in 1691 Salem Witchcraft trials, 1692

28. English Puritans Puritan dissention in England increases: Kings James I (r. 1603-1625) Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Religious outrage: marries Catholic; Bishop Laud intensifies the authority of the Church England. Subsequently, puritans detect an increasing Armenian presence in church practices. (Why?) Political outrage: Disbands Parliament in 1629 The puritan response? Political alignment with Whig members of Parliament Two options for puritans vis-�-vis the Anglican church. separatism or non-separatism Two corresponding American colonies: Separatists (a.k.a., �Pilgrims� of Plymouth) Mayflower Compact, 1620 Non-Separatists (of Mass. Bay) Massachusetts Puritan Separatists found Plymouth Colony, 1620 w/o royal charter Drafted Mayflower Contract, The first �constitution� adopted in North America and used the Puritan model of a self-governing religious congregation as the blueprint for political society. Puritan Non-Separatists found Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629 MBA absorbs Plymouth in 1691 Salem Witchcraft trials, 1692 Massachusetts Puritan Separatists found Plymouth Colony, 1620 w/o royal charter Drafted Mayflower Contract, The first �constitution� adopted in North America and used the Puritan model of a self-governing religious congregation as the blueprint for political society. Puritan Non-Separatists found Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629 MBA absorbs Plymouth in 1691 Salem Witchcraft trials, 1692

29. MBA absorbs Plymouth in 1691 Salem Witchcraft trials, 1692 MBA absorbs Plymouth in 1691 Salem Witchcraft trials, 1692

30. The Puritan Dilemma by Edmund Morgan At an early age John Winthrop �caught the fever of Puritanism.� What does this mean? Psychological and emotional impact of Puritanism? Requirements placed on the individual �secular asceticism� (Max Weber) How was this reflected in Winthrop�s life? Training and occupation successful lawyer Enjoyments of life Wealth, sports, sex, etc. What was so captivating about Puritanism for Winthrop and others? Acquires useful skills for governing Puts him contact with powerful social network Opens him up to concerns extending beyond Groton manner To England and the World Acquires useful skills for governing Puts him contact with powerful social network Opens him up to concerns extending beyond Groton manner To England and the World

31. The Puritan Dilemma How did Winthrop and other Puritans view the social conditions of England? Governments role: James I (r. 1603-1625) Pilgrims leave for the Netherlands in 1608 Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Situation hopeless: King disbands Parliament, 1629 The solution: launch a colony in New England What was the dilemma these �non-separatists� faced in the deliberation to leave England? How did Winthrop rationalize his decision to join the colonial enterprise? �England could not be saved in England.� Primary goal of the colony?

32. ��The Lord will be our God, and delight to dwell among us, as His own people, and will command a blessing upon us in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of His wisdom, power, goodness and truth, than formerly we have been acquainted with. We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies; when He shall make us a praise and glory that men shall say of succeeding plantations, �may the Lord make it like that of New England.� For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world.�

33. The Puritan Dilemmaby Edmund S. Morgan Survival Three ships (including the Arbella) arrive at Massachusetts Bay, June 1630 400 men, women, and children Plus 600 that followed Situation that winter? 200 died c.200 went home �and the following winter? What sustained the economy of the colony? Copt. 5: Survival Three ships (including the Arbella) arrive at Massachusetts Bay, June 1630 Situation that winter? �and the following winter? What sustained the economy of the colony?, p. 59 Copt. 5: Survival Three ships (including the Arbella) arrive at Massachusetts Bay, June 1630 Situation that winter? �and the following winter? What sustained the economy of the colony?, p. 59

34. The Puritan Dilemmaby Edmund S. Morgan A �Biblical Polity� What was unique about its charter granted by the King? How was the government structured? Governor and deputy governor Assistants (legislative assembly) Elected governor and deputy governor Freemen (voting citizens) Elected the assistants What was new about this classification of �Freemen� Was this a democracy? (or theocracy?) His rule was repeatedly threatened by what faction of the colonists? Who was the Massachusetts Bay Company? What was unique about its charter granted by the King? How was the government structured? Governor and deputy governor Assistants (legislative assembly) Elected governor and deputy governor Freemen (voting citizens) Elected the assistants What was new about this classification of �Freemen� Was this a democracy? �or a theocracy? p. 71Who was the Massachusetts Bay Company? What was unique about its charter granted by the King? How was the government structured? Governor and deputy governor Assistants (legislative assembly) Elected governor and deputy governor Freemen (voting citizens) Elected the assistants What was new about this classification of �Freemen� Was this a democracy? �or a theocracy? p. 71

35. The Puritan Dilemmaby Edmund S. Morgan A Special Commission As the colony�s governor, what was Winthrop�s dilemma? What �types� tended to be most bothersome to him? �Controlling the good� would prove to be a greater challenge than �punishing the wicked.� Why? �These well-meaning zealots failed to recognize that God�s kingdom on earth must still be a kingdom of flesh and blood�.� As the colony�s governor, what was Winthrop�s dilemma? What �types� tended to be most bothersome to him? �These well-meaning zealots failed to recognize that God�s kingdom on earth must still be a kingdom of flesh and blood�.� p. 64, p. 70 �Controlling the good� would prove to be a greater challenge than �punishing the wicked.� Why? Read p. 66-7. What was the �trick� for doing so? P. 67 What was especially problematic about governing Congregationalists p. 68? in America! Pp. 68-71 As the colony�s governor, what was Winthrop�s dilemma? What �types� tended to be most bothersome to him? �These well-meaning zealots failed to recognize that God�s kingdom on earth must still be a kingdom of flesh and blood�.� p. 64, p. 70 �Controlling the good� would prove to be a greater challenge than �punishing the wicked.� Why? Read p. 66-7. What was the �trick� for doing so? P. 67 What was especially problematic about governing Congregationalists p. 68? in America! Pp. 68-71

36. Puritan New England Separatism Unleashed First of many heresy trials imposing banishment for non-compliance, 1635 Roger Williams, liberal-minded theologian, expelled, 1636 What were his gripes? Why was he expelled? Founds Rhode Island What happens to Williams? Rhode Island settled by exiles of the M.B. Colony, beginning with Williams, [includes Baptists, Seekers, Quakers] Ann Hutchinson, 1637 What are her hang-ups? Why was she expelled? Trial �Never in American history did a community produce separatists more attractive or more dangerous than those of early Massachusetts.� Heretical Protestant beliefs (from Calvinist perspective) Arminianism Salvation is conditioned by free will �You may follow the law to achieve salvation.� Antinomianism Perfection is attainable, freeing one from scriptural Law �God speaks/acts through me.��Never in American history did a community produce separatists more attractive or more dangerous than those of early Massachusetts.� Heretical Protestant beliefs (from Calvinist perspective) Arminianism Salvation is conditioned by free will �You may follow the law to achieve salvation.� Antinomianism Perfection is attainable, freeing one from scriptural Law �God speaks/acts through me.�

37. Salem Witchcraft TrialsBackground �Witchcraft� in the Christian Context A. Late Middle Ages (13th � 14th centuries) Christian Scholasticism (Aristotelian influence) views all magic and miracles that are outside God�s direct involvement as diabolical�i.e., influenced by Devil. (Devil = the Antichrist) Pagan �superstitious� practices now deemed diabolical. Series of Popes back Inquisition committees with full authority to try and punish �witches.�

38. Salem Witchcraft TrialsBackground �Witchcraft� in the Christian Context, A. Late Middle Ages (13th � 14th centuries) Increasingly, pagan �superstitious� deemed diabolical. Series of Popes back Inquisition committees with full authority to try and punish �witches.� B. Dawn of Renaissance (15th � 16th centuries) Witch craze in Europe erupts (1450 � 1700) Thousands of people, mostly women, tried and executed on the basis of �proofs� or �confessions.� Book published by two Dominican Inquisitors (1486) popularizes satanic and sexual abominations of witches. �Tests�: pricking, additional breasts, inability to weep, or failure of water test. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrzMhU_4m-g A. Late Middle Ages (13th � 14th centuries) Christian Scholasticism (Aristotelian influence) views all magic and miracles that are outside God�s direct involvement as diabolical�i.e., influenced by Devil. (Devil = the Antichrist) Pagan �superstitious� practices now deemed diabolical. Series of Popes back Inquisition committees with full authority to try and punish �witches The scales test. A suspected witch was weighed against a metal bound Bible on a huge set of scales. If the suspect weighed more than the Bible, he or she was free. The fault with this test was the fact that weights could be hidden inside the Bible, causing the suspect to weigh less. Witchmarks. Unusual moles, birthmarks, or warts were thought to be the markings of a witch; a place where a witch�s familiar of the devil himslef would suckle to gain strength. If poked at with a pin, a witchmark would not bleed or cause pain. And we all know that if you carefully insert a pin under the skin or into a callus, it doesn�t bleed or cause pain. The water test. Based on a pre-Christian belief that water was sacred, an accused witch would be bound left hand to right foot and right hand to left foot. If innocent, the suspect would sink and would survive from drowning if saved in time. If guilty, the water would reject them. Either way, you would be screwed because you could drown, or be found guilty and be hung.A. Late Middle Ages (13th � 14th centuries) Christian Scholasticism (Aristotelian influence) views all magic and miracles that are outside God�s direct involvement as diabolical�i.e., influenced by Devil. (Devil = the Antichrist) Pagan �superstitious� practices now deemed diabolical. Series of Popes back Inquisition committees with full authority to try and punish �witches The scales test. A suspected witch was weighed against a metal bound Bible on a huge set of scales. If the suspect weighed more than the Bible, he or she was free. The fault with this test was the fact that weights could be hidden inside the Bible, causing the suspect to weigh less. Witchmarks. Unusual moles, birthmarks, or warts were thought to be the markings of a witch; a place where a witch�s familiar of the devil himslef would suckle to gain strength. If poked at with a pin, a witchmark would not bleed or cause pain. And we all know that if you carefully insert a pin under the skin or into a callus, it doesn�t bleed or cause pain. The water test. Based on a pre-Christian belief that water was sacred, an accused witch would be bound left hand to right foot and right hand to left foot. If innocent, the suspect would sink and would survive from drowning if saved in time. If guilty, the water would reject them. Either way, you would be screwed because you could drown, or be found guilty and be hung.

39. Puritan New England Witchcraft trials, 1692 - 1693 Feb 1692 girls begin having �fits� that defy explanation. Witchcraft craze of Colonial Massachusetts (February, 1692 to April, 1693) Salem village establishes its own church and chooses Reverend Samuel Parris (1689); problems ensue Betty Parris (9 years old) and cousin Abigail Williams (13), and friend Ann Putnam are entertained by Barbados Slave, Tituba. Statistics: Over 160 people accused of witchcraft Nearly 50 people confessed 25 people died: 19 executed (18 hanged; 1 tortured) Salem village establishes its own church and chooses Reverend Samuel Parris (1689); problems ensue Betty Parris (9 years old) and cousin Abigail Williams (13), and friend Ann Putnam are entertained by Barbados Slave, Tituba. Feb 1692 girls begin having �fits� that defy explanation. Witchcraft craze of Colonial Massachusetts (February, 1692 to April, 1693) Salem village establishes its own church and chooses Reverend Samuel Parris (1689); problems ensue Betty Parris (9 years old) and cousin Abigail Williams (13), and friend Ann Putnam are entertained by Barbados Slave, Tituba. Statistics: Over 160 people accused of witchcraft Nearly 50 people confessed 25 people died: 19 executed (18 hanged; 1 tortured) Salem village establishes its own church and chooses Reverend Samuel Parris (1689); problems ensue Betty Parris (9 years old) and cousin Abigail Williams (13), and friend Ann Putnam are entertained by Barbados Slave, Tituba. Feb 1692 girls begin having �fits� that defy explanation.

40. Puritan New England Witchcraft trials, 1692 - 1693 Feb 1692 girls begin having �fits� that defy explanation. Over 160 people accused of witchcraft Who and why? Caption: "Witch Hill," or "The Salem Martyr" Description: Oil painting by New York artist Thomas Slatterwhite Noble, 1869. The painting won a silver medal at the 1869 Cincinnati Industrial Exposition. Noble gained a reputation for his dramatic paintings of abolitionist subjects, and later turned to the Salem witch trials for another powerful moral theme. A tradition in the Noble family holds that the model for Witch Hill was a Cincinnati librarian who was a descendant of a woman who was executed in the Salem witch trials. Caption: "Witch Hill," or "The Salem Martyr" Description: Oil painting by New York artist Thomas Slatterwhite Noble, 1869. The painting won a silver medal at the 1869 Cincinnati Industrial Exposition. Noble gained a reputation for his dramatic paintings of abolitionist subjects, and later turned to the Salem witch trials for another powerful moral theme. A tradition in the Noble family holds that the model for Witch Hill was a Cincinnati librarian who was a descendant of a woman who was executed in the Salem witch trials.

41. Caption: "Examination of a Witch" Thompkins H. Matteson, 1853.Description: Generally supposed to represent an event in the Salem witch trials, an earlier version of this painting was exhibited by the artist in New York in 1848 with a quotation from John Greenleaf Whittier's book Supernaturalism of New England, 1847: "Mary Fisher, a young girl, was seized upon by Deputy Governor Bellingham in the absence of Governor Endicott, and shamefully stripped for the purpose of ascertaining whether she was a witch, with the Devil's mark upon her." See, "A Study of the Life and Work of the Nineteenth Century Artist Tompkins Harrison Matteson (1813-1884), by Harriet Hocter Groeschel, M.A. thesis, Syracuse University, 1985, pp. 37-38.Caption: "Examination of a Witch" Thompkins H. Matteson, 1853.Description: Generally supposed to represent an event in the Salem witch trials, an earlier version of this painting was exhibited by the artist in New York in 1848 with a quotation from John Greenleaf Whittier's book Supernaturalism of New England, 1847: "Mary Fisher, a young girl, was seized upon by Deputy Governor Bellingham in the absence of Governor Endicott, and shamefully stripped for the purpose of ascertaining whether she was a witch, with the Devil's mark upon her." See, "A Study of the Life and Work of the Nineteenth Century Artist Tompkins Harrison Matteson (1813-1884), by Harriet Hocter Groeschel, M.A. thesis, Syracuse University, 1985, pp. 37-38.

42. Caption: "Witchcraft at Salem Village."Description: A generalized courtroom scene showing an "afflicted" girl fallen on the floor in front of the judges bench. An accused woman stands in front of the judges holding her right hand over her heart and gesturing upwards, as if in the act of declaring her innocence before God.Caption: "Witchcraft at Salem Village."Description: A generalized courtroom scene showing an "afflicted" girl fallen on the floor in front of the judges bench. An accused woman stands in front of the judges holding her right hand over her heart and gesturing upwards, as if in the act of declaring her innocence before God.

43. Caption: "Accused of Witchcraft."Description: In this scene a young girl, who has been accused of witchcraft, clings to her father who gestures towards the authorities come who have to arrest her. A clergyman raises his head helplessly towards the heavens while the accuser, standing next to him and concealed under a cape, points towards the girl. Oil painting by Douglas Volk, 1884. Corcoran Gallery Washington, D.C.Caption: "Accused of Witchcraft."Description: In this scene a young girl, who has been accused of witchcraft, clings to her father who gestures towards the authorities come who have to arrest her. A clergyman raises his head helplessly towards the heavens while the accuser, standing next to him and concealed under a cape, points towards the girl. Oil painting by Douglas Volk, 1884. Corcoran Gallery Washington, D.C.

44. Caption: "Execution of Mrs. Ann Hibbins."Description: Often used as an illustration of the Salem witch trails, this illustration depicts the execution of Ann Hibbins on Boston Commons in 1657. Caption: "Execution of Mrs. Ann Hibbins."Description: Often used as an illustration of the Salem witch trails, this illustration depicts the execution of Ann Hibbins on Boston Commons in 1657.

46. North American English Colonies From Commonwealth to Restoration, 1649-1688 Today�s Lecture: --Colonial America: Overview --1600s: Competing Imperial Projects in North America -- �Sugar Revolution� and the imperial slave trade economy --North American English Colonies --From Commonwealth to Restoration, 1649-1688Today�s Lecture: --Colonial America: Overview --1600s: Competing Imperial Projects in North America -- �Sugar Revolution� and the imperial slave trade economy --North American English Colonies --From Commonwealth to Restoration, 1649-1688

47. Transitions in English Rule Mounting Political and Religious Dissention: Kings James I (r. 1603-1625) Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Religious controversies: marries Catholic Bishop Laud intensifies the authority of the Church England. Political controversies: Sec. of State, Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) publicly declares his Catholicism Considers colonizing Newfoundland Disbands Parliament in 1629 Royal charter granted to Lord Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore II) Maryland colony founded, 1632 �Catholic haven� Capital: St. Mary�s City Applied �headright� system Maryland toleration act, 1649 Puritan dissention in England increases: Kings James I (r. 1603-1625) Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Religious outrage: marries Catholic; Bishop Laud intensifies the authority of the Church England. Correspondingly, puritans detect an increasing Armenian presence in church practices. Why? Political outrage: Disbands Parliament in 1629 What was the solution? Political alignment with Parliament Two options for puritan members of the Anglican church. separatism or non-separatism What was the special problem for the �non-separatists?� Why did they leave England in 1629? Puritan dissention in England increases: Kings James I (r. 1603-1625) Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Religious outrage: marries Catholic; Bishop Laud intensifies the authority of the Church England. Correspondingly, puritans detect an increasing Armenian presence in church practices. Why? Political outrage: Disbands Parliament in 1629 What was the solution? Political alignment with Parliament Two options for puritan members of the Anglican church. separatism or non-separatism What was the special problem for the �non-separatists?� Why did they leave England in 1629?

48. Transitions in English Rule Civil War, 1642-1648 Interregnum, 1649-1660 Parliamentarians defeated Royalists in civil war Charles I beheaded, 1649 Oliver Cromwell �Lord Protectorate� Skilled commander and committed Puritan Implements aggressive measures against Dutch Parliament passed the First Navigation Act, 1651 Navel enforcement results in Anglo-Dutch War. New World ambitions reflected his quest to extend �godly rule� Navigation Acts will require: 1. English ships; 2. Certain colonial commodities may only be exported to England; 3. All exports must go through English ports. New World ambitions reflected his quest to extend �godly rule� Navigation Acts will require: 1. English ships; 2. Certain colonial commodities may only be exported to England; 3. All exports must go through English ports.

49. Interregnum, 1649-1660 (cont.) Impact on Colonies Measures to curb Dutch shipping diverted revenues from fish, fur, tobacco, and sugar colonies. Cromwell�s religious leanings enabled status quo Congregationalism continues to be imposed in Massachusetts Religious toleration/diversity in Rhode Island Religious toleration in New Netherlands, in which Dutch Reformed Church dominated Anglicanism dominated in Virginia Maryland remained refuge for English Catholics Congregationalism continues to be imposed in Massachusetts Religious toleration/diversity in Rhode Island Religious toleration in New Netherlands, in which Dutch Reformed Church dominated Anglicanism dominated in Virginia Maryland remained refuge for English Catholics

50. Interregnum, 1649-1660 (cont.) The Parliamentarians (the puritan side!) won the civil war What was the impact on Puritan New England identity? ��suddenly alone in the wilderness.� (E. Morgan) A new sense of their �errand into the wilderness� was envisioned (according to historian, Perry Miller) Accordingly, a new meaning of the �city upon a hill� Indian missionary efforts (led by John Elliot) launched in earnest after the English Civil War. �Praying Towns� are established for converts. Indians viewed as descendents of the Biblical �lost tribe� of Israel A new spirit of millennialism is hatched in New England

51. Page 72: Seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Indian's scanty attire suggests a lack of civilization. His statement "Come Over and Help Us," based on an incident in the Bible, illustrates the English conviction that they were liberating the native population, rather than exploiting them like other empires. Credit: Courtesy of the Massachusetts Archives.Page 72: Seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Indian's scanty attire suggests a lack of civilization. His statement "Come Over and Help Us," based on an incident in the Bible, illustrates the English conviction that they were liberating the native population, rather than exploiting them like other empires. Credit: Courtesy of the Massachusetts Archives.

52. Restoration1660-1688 Stuart Family Return to Thrown Charles II (ruled 1660-1685) and James II (r. 1685-1688) To answer economic problems Crown ramps up aggressive measures against Dutch interests in North America Navigation Acts, 1660 & 1663 New Netherlands seized, 1664 Together with Parliament, exert tighter control over colonists� economic enterprises. Revenue Act, 1673 Customs agents installed in ports�e.g., Edward Randolph at Boston Harbor Religious policy Favored a �traditional� Anglicanism Colonial governing policy Insert strong royal governors at the expense of representative legislators. Religious policy: Favored a �traditional� Anglicanism Opposed conservative Puritanism Yet, favorable to liberal Puritanism James II was Catholic! 1673--The Act of 1673 stated that all goods not bonded in England must have a duty and bond placed on them when the ship reached the colonies. The colonial governor collected the bond and duty and thus started a tradition that continued through the Revolution. Before going to sea, a ship was required to pay a bond guaranteeing that if certain enumerated goods were loaded at any port they would be brought to England or an English port and nowhere else. A shipowner or captain who did not go to an English port would be prosecuted and would usually lose the bond. The Crown thus hoped to channel all trade through English ports and receive income from duties and taxes. The English merchants would also benefit from having a monopoly on sales and increased prices in the colonies. The colonial traders would not be allowed to trade with foreign countries. Religious policy Favored a �traditional� Anglicanism Colonial governing policy Insert strong royal governors at the expense of representative legislators. Religious policy: Favored a �traditional� Anglicanism Opposed conservative Puritanism Yet, favorable to liberal Puritanism James II was Catholic! 1673--The Act of 1673 stated that all goods not bonded in England must have a duty and bond placed on them when the ship reached the colonies. The colonial governor collected the bond and duty and thus started a tradition that continued through the Revolution. Before going to sea, a ship was required to pay a bond guaranteeing that if certain enumerated goods were loaded at any port they would be brought to England or an English port and nowhere else. A shipowner or captain who did not go to an English port would be prosecuted and would usually lose the bond. The Crown thus hoped to channel all trade through English ports and receive income from duties and taxes. The English merchants would also benefit from having a monopoly on sales and increased prices in the colonies. The colonial traders would not be allowed to trade with foreign countries.

53. Early Restoration Era 1660-1680 Colonial Developments: Middle Colonies Characterized by cultural diversity New York , 1664- Proprietor: James, Duke of York (later, �King James II�) First governor, Richard Nicolls, Edmund Andros installed as governor, 1674 Sought to curb Dutch influence Established Covenant Chain with Iroquois New York , 1664- Proprietor: James, Duke of York (later, King James II) First governor, Richard Nicolls, imposes Duke�s Law --Religious toleration --Local governments --Yet, no elected assemblies Dutch rebellion (1672-1674) Edmund Andros installed as governor, 1674 Sought to curb Dutch influence Established Covenant Chain with Iroquois New Jersey Originally part of New Netherlands Occupied by Dutch and Swedish colonists New York governor, Nicolls, allowed migrants from New England to farm west of the Hudson River under self-government in return for annual quitrent payments Yet, the Duke had awarded the land to John, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret They recruited colonists of their own to settle in New Jersey under self-government in return for rent payment. Confusion resulted in a West Jersey/East Jersey division Berkeley (in 1674) and Carteret (in 1681) eventually relinquished ownership to Quakers Scottish Quaker, Robert Barcaly, governed East Jersey, which attracted homeland Presbyterians. New York , 1664- Proprietor: James, Duke of York (later, King James II) First governor, Richard Nicolls, imposes Duke�s Law --Religious toleration --Local governments --Yet, no elected assemblies Dutch rebellion (1672-1674) Edmund Andros installed as governor, 1674 Sought to curb Dutch influence Established Covenant Chain with Iroquois New Jersey Originally part of New Netherlands Occupied by Dutch and Swedish colonists New York governor, Nicolls, allowed migrants from New England to farm west of the Hudson River under self-government in return for annual quitrent payments Yet, the Duke had awarded the land to John, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret They recruited colonists of their own to settle in New Jersey under self-government in return for rent payment. Confusion resulted in a West Jersey/East Jersey division Berkeley (in 1674) and Carteret (in 1681) eventually relinquished ownership to Quakers Scottish Quaker, Robert Barcaly, governed East Jersey, which attracted homeland Presbyterians.

54. Early Restoration�Middle Colonies (cont.) Pennsylvania Background: Quakerism �Society of Friends� founded in England by George Fox, 1647-48. They were �puritan� of a different (non-Calvinist) stripe They were opposed by Presbyterians and conservative Congregationalists Such opposition put them on friendly terms with the Stuart Kings. Beliefs and Practices? Beliefs and Practices? Reflected their embrace of both Arminianism and antinomianism Beliefs and Practices? Reflected their embrace of both Arminianism and antinomianism

55. Early Restoration�Middle Colonies Pennsylvania (cont.) William Penn (1644-1718) Background Converted to Quakerism and became its most vocal defender Granted charter to Pennsylvania, 1681 Befriended Delaware, Lenni-Lenape Indians Promoted religious liberty Yet, top-heavy governing structure fostered resentment among independent-minded Quakers. Irony? He used his thorough knowledge of the Bible coupled with sharp wit to mock those who attacked Quakers. (irony?) He used his thorough knowledge of the Bible coupled with sharp wit to mock those who attacked Quakers. (irony?)

56. Early Restoration, 1660-1680 Carolina: The Lords Proprietor Eight political favorites of Charles II (in England) granted charter of �Carolina,� 1663 Initial Project Led by Sir John Colleton Generous land policy to attract experienced planters from Virginia and Barbados into three regions: Albemarle, Cape Fear, and Port Royal Success? New Project, 1669 Led by Anthony Ashley Cooper Three ships dispatched with English colonists (mostly religious dissenters) to Carolina (via Barbados) Charles Town established, 1670 Generous headright system Fundamental Constitutions of Carolinas Religious toleration Restoration�Carolinas Charles II grants charter to a group of eight wealthy English planters in England,1663 Group fails to attract colonists from established American colonies By 1669, the leader of the group dies, two withdraw, and four more were on the verge of giving up. The exception: Anthony Ashley Cooper. One member, Anthony Ashley (Cooper), shifts efforts by convincing the other seven proprietors to invest their own capital. With it he organized a shipment of English settlers, led by Joseph West, 1669 Charles Town established, 1670 Like Penn, Ashley implemented an impractical �balanced� aristocracy and democracy Restoration�Carolinas Charles II grants charter to a group of eight wealthy English planters in England,1663 Group fails to attract colonists from established American colonies By 1669, the leader of the group dies, two withdraw, and four more were on the verge of giving up. The exception: Anthony Ashley Cooper. One member, Anthony Ashley (Cooper), shifts efforts by convincing the other seven proprietors to invest their own capital. With it he organized a shipment of English settlers, led by Joseph West, 1669 Charles Town established, 1670 Like Penn, Ashley implemented an impractical �balanced� aristocracy and democracy

57. Early Restoration, 1660-1680 Carolina: The Colonists Albemarle Originally settled by Virginians, 1650s Resist governing structure Lords Proprietor establish distinct government: �North Carolina� District, 1691 Colony, 1712 Charles Town 1/2 Barbados by 1680 The wealthiest: The Goose Creek Men dominate politics: Impose Anglicanism Organize coup, 1719 Royal colonies of SC and NC, 1729 How did the GCM consolidate enough support in the colonies? Charles Town established, 1670 Like Penn, Ashley implemented an impractical �balanced� aristocracy and democracy The Goose Creek men were Arrogant and Anglican. Establish Anglican dominance. Charles Town established, 1670 Like Penn, Ashley implemented an impractical �balanced� aristocracy and democracy The Goose Creek men were Arrogant and Anglican. Establish Anglican dominance.

58. King Philip�s War, 1675-76 Stages: Fall, 1675 Indian surge Winter, 1675-6 Turning point Spring, 1676 Conclusion Philip For captives Repercussions For Southern New England tribes? Praying Towns? English-Abenaki relations Powder keg ignites (Summer 1675) 3 Wampanoag men were tired and executed for murdering a praying town Indian who had served as a colonial informant. Wampanoag sachem, Philip (Massasoit�s son, Alexander�s younger brother) led an alliance of southern New England Indians against English settlements. Turning point? (Winter of 1675-76). Mohawks join colonists. Philip's allies began to desert him. By early July, over 400 had surrendered to the colonists, and Philip himself had taken refuge in the Assowamset Swamp, below Providence, Rhode Island. The colonists began to form raiding parties of friendly Indians and volunteer militia. They were allowed to keep what warring Indian possessions they found and received a bounty on all captives. Philip was ultimately defeated by one of these teams when he was tracked down by friendly Indians lead by Captain Benjamin Church of the Plymouth colony milita at Mt. Hope Rhode Island where he was shot and killed by an Indian named John Alderman on August 12, 1676. He was beheaded, drawn and quartered. His head was displayed in Plymouth for many years. The war was nearly over except for attacks in Maine lasting until 1677. Over 600 colonists and 3,000 Indians had been killed including several hundred native captives that were executed or sold as slaves in Bermuda Powder keg ignites (Summer 1675) 3 Wampanoag men were tired and executed for murdering a praying town Indian who had served as a colonial informant. Wampanoag sachem, Philip (Massasoit�s son, Alexander�s younger brother) led an alliance of southern New England Indians against English settlements. Turning point? (Winter of 1675-76). Mohawks join colonists. Philip's allies began to desert him. By early July, over 400 had surrendered to the colonists, and Philip himself had taken refuge in the Assowamset Swamp, below Providence, Rhode Island. The colonists began to form raiding parties of friendly Indians and volunteer militia. They were allowed to keep what warring Indian possessions they found and received a bounty on all captives. Philip was ultimately defeated by one of these teams when he was tracked down by friendly Indians lead by Captain Benjamin Church of the Plymouth colony milita at Mt. Hope Rhode Island where he was shot and killed by an Indian named John Alderman on August 12, 1676. He was beheaded, drawn and quartered. His head was displayed in Plymouth for many years. The war was nearly over except for attacks in Maine lasting until 1677. Over 600 colonists and 3,000 Indians had been killed including several hundred native captives that were executed or sold as slaves in Bermuda

59. Early Restoration, 1660-1680 Colonial Rebellion Bacon�s Rebellion, 1676 (civil war in Virginia) Nathaniel Bacon led a loose coalition of frontier settlers and servants (Black and White) against Governor Berkeley and his supporters. Conditions Governor Berkeley�s policies Economic conditions Frontier Conflict between planters and Virginia militia led by colonel George Mason responds to skirmishes between Virginia trader and native partners in Maryland, July 1675 Killing 14 Susquehannocks Loose coalition of Piscataway, Doeg, and Susquehannock warriors retaliate Berkeley, appointed governor by the crown in 1641, implemented measures to secure the wealth of the elite planters. He granted the best tracts of land to his favorites He ignored frontier settlers requests to attack hostile Indians (like the Susquehannocks) He raised taxes on the common planter and monopolized the fur trade Yet, unfavorable market conditions coupled with Navigation Acts frustrated all planters, both common and elite. 1675: Virginia militia colonel George Mason mistakenly killed 14 Susquehannocks during punitive raid into Maryland. Berkeley, appointed governor by the crown in 1641, implemented measures to secure the wealth of the elite planters. He granted the best tracts of land to his favorites He ignored frontier settlers requests to attack hostile Indians (like the Susquehannocks) He raised taxes on the common planter and monopolized the fur trade Yet, unfavorable market conditions coupled with Navigation Acts frustrated all planters, both common and elite. 1675: Virginia militia colonel George Mason mistakenly killed 14 Susquehannocks during punitive raid into Maryland.

60. Bacon�s Rebellion, 1676 (civil war in Virginia) �What followed would have been comic had not so many people died.� Berkeley's and Bacon�s roles? Outcome? Outcome? Bacon�s rebels indiscriminately attack Indians and burn Jamestown. Rebel leaders chase Berkeley and supporters across Chesapeake Bay only to be captured themselves. Bacon dies of an illness in October, 1676 Charles II dispatched thousands of British regulars to Jamestown, and recalled Berkeley in 1677 Outcome? Bacon�s rebels indiscriminately attack Indians and burn Jamestown. Rebel leaders chase Berkeley and supporters across Chesapeake Bay only to be captured themselves. Bacon dies of an illness in October, 1676 Charles II dispatched thousands of British regulars to Jamestown, and recalled Berkeley in 1677