Warm-up

1. Warm-up What is symbolism? Who uses symbols and why? Are symbols universal? Give examples and written explanations.

2. Symbolism/Allusions

3. Symbolism • What is symbolism? • A symbol is anything that represents both itself and something else. In other words…symbolism uses • objects to convey to the reader a bigger idea that can’t be expressed by words, in some cases.

4. Symbolism • Two Types of Symbolism 1) A conventional symbol is one with a traditional, widely recognized association. 2) Personal or Idiosyncratic symbol is one that assumes the symbol stands for something else other than itself because of the special use by the writer. Personal symbols do not have always have to make sense.

5. Allusion What are you referring to?

6. What am I referring to? • “He was a real Romeo with the ladies.”

7. What am I referring to? • “When she lost her job, she acted like a Scrooge!”

8. What am I referring to? • “I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.”

9. So what is it? • These were all examples of Allusion • What are you doing when you allude to something?

10. In “To Kill a Mockingbird” • “Dill had seen Dracula, a revelation that moved Jem to eye him with the beginning of respect. “Tell it to us,” he said. (Lee, 8)” • In the early 1930′s, the Dracula extremely famous vampire story was turned into a film. It was a big hit.

11. In “To Kill a Mockingbird” • “Let the cup pass from you” (Lee 88) • This is an allusion to the night before Jesus’s crucifixion. He prayed to the Lord: “Father, if you are willing, take this cup from me; yet not my will but yours be done [Luke 22:42].” By imploring for his father to “take this cup from me”, he was praying to avoid his fate (in Greek, the cup is a figurative meaning of fate). When Uncle Jack commented on Atticus, he understood that his brother was not happy with the inevitable: the fate of having to defend Tom Robinson in court.

12. In “To Kill a Mockingbird” • “But it was a time of vague optimism for some of the people: Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself.” (Lee 6) • The phrase “nothing to fear but fear itself” is an allusion to President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first Inaugural Address which attempted to assess the enormous damage of the Great Depression of 1929 to 1940. A stock market crash that led to depression spread quickly throughout the industrial world and affected the lives of many Americans.

13. Allusion Definition • An allusion is a reference to a statement, person, place, or event from the arts, history, religion, mythology, politics, sports, or science. • An allusion can be anything from the mention of a name to a line of a song, as an author uses the reference to make his point clearer. Allusions are used not only in literature but also in: • films • speeches • poetry • common everyday dialogue.

14. Allusion Definition • To create an Allusion you first need a point of reference…. • Something the reader/audience can easily identify or relate to. • For example- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7l8rWfLAus

15. Allusions • Most allusions are based on the assumption that there is a body of knowledge that is shared by the author and the reader and that therefore the reader will understand the author’s references. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9kd7JXKHfM

16. Allusions • There are several ways that an allusion can help a writer: • Allusions engage the reader and will often help the reader remember the message or theme of the passage. • Allusions allow the writer to give an example or get a point across without going into a lengthy explanation.

17. EXAMPLE: Allusion in Music • Listen to the following song • Circle the Allusions that you have identified in the song lyrics • See if you can hear the Allusions • I will show the lyrics for you to follow along with • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f10xfhqBndQ