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Functional Model of the Cardiovascular System

Functional Model of the Cardiovascular System. Figure 15-1. Blood Vessel Structure. Figure 15-2. MIcrocirculation. Capillaries lack smooth muscle and elastic tissue reinforcement which facilitates exchange. Figure 15-3. Elastic Recoil in Arteries. (a). Ventricular contraction.

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Functional Model of the Cardiovascular System

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  1. Functional Model of the Cardiovascular System Figure 15-1

  2. Blood Vessel Structure Figure 15-2

  3. MIcrocirculation Capillaries lack smooth muscle and elastic tissue reinforcement which facilitates exchange Figure 15-3

  4. Elastic Recoil in Arteries (a) Ventricular contraction Arterioles 1 1 Ventricle contracts. Figure 15-4a, step 1

  5. Elastic Recoil in Arteries (a) Ventricular contraction Arterioles 1 2 1 2 Ventricle contracts. Semilunar valve opens. Figure 15-4a, steps 1–2

  6. Elastic Recoil in Arteries (a) Ventricular contraction Arterioles 1 2 3 1 2 Ventricle contracts. Semilunar valve opens. Aorta and arteries expand and store pressure in elastic walls. 3 Figure 15-4a, steps 1–3

  7. Elastic Recoil in Arteries (b) Ventricular relaxation 1 Isovolumic ventricular relaxation occurs. 1 Figure 15-4b, step 1

  8. Elastic Recoil in Arteries (b) Ventricular relaxation 1 2 Semilunar valve shuts, preventing flow back into ventricle. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation occurs. 1 2 Figure 15-4b, steps 1–2

  9. Elastic Recoil in Arteries (b) Ventricular relaxation 1 2 3 Semilunar valve shuts, preventing flow back into ventricle. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation occurs. 1 2 Elastic recoil of arteries sends blood forward into rest of circulatory system. 3 Figure 15-4b, steps 1–3

  10. Review of Blood Flow

  11. Pressure throughout the Systemic Circulation Blood pressure is highest in the arteries and decreases continuously as it flows through the circulatory system Figure 15-5

  12. Blood Pressure • Pulse Pressure = systolic P – diastolic P • Valves ensure one-way flow in veins • MAP = diastolic P + 1/3(systolic P – diastolic P)

  13. Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure Figure 15-7

  14. Blood Pressure Mean arterial pressure is a function of cardiac output and resistance in the arterioles Figure 15-8

  15. Blood Pressure Blood pressure control involves both the cardiovascular system and the renal system Figure 15-9

  16. Factors that Influence Mean Arterial Pressure Figure 15-10

  17. Arteriolar Resistance • Sympathetic reflexes • Local control of arteriolar resistance • Hormones

  18. Arteriolar Resistance

  19. Arteriolar Resistance • Myogenic autoregulation • Paracrines • Active hyperemia • Sympathetic control • SNS: norepinephrine • Adrenal medulla: epinephrine

  20. Hyperemia Figure 15-11a

  21. Norepinephrine Tonic control of arteriolar diameter Figure 15-12

  22. Distribution of Blood Distribution of blood in the body at rest Figure 15-13

  23. Blood Flow Blood flow through individual blood vessels is determined by vessel’s resistance to flow Figure 15-14a

  24. Blood Flow Blood flow through individual blood vessels is determined by vessel’s resistance to flow Flow  1/resistance Figure 15-14b

  25. Fluid Exchange at a Capillary Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure regulate bulk flow PLAY Animation: Cardiovascular System: Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics Figure 15-18a

  26. Blood Pressure KEY Medullary cardiovascular control center Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Carotid and aortic baroreceptors Sympathetic neurons SA node Ventricles Veins Arterioles Components of the baroreceptor reflex Figure 15-21

  27. The baroreceptor reflex: the response to increased blood pressure Figure 15-22

  28. The baroreceptor reflex: the response to orthostatic hypotension Figure 15-23

  29. Hypertension The relationship between blood pressure and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease Essential hypertension has no clear cause other than hereditary Figure 15-25

  30. Hypertension • Carotid and aortic baroreceptors adapt • Risk factor for atherosclerosis • Heart muscle hypertrophies • Pulmonary edema • Congestive heart failure • Treatment • Calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta-blocking drugs, and ACE inhibitors

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