Biology 335 Wildlife and Fisheries Biology

1. Biology 335 Wildlife and Fisheries Biology

2. Objectives • Introduction to wildlife and fisheries biology. • Topics • history of wildlife and fisheries conservation and management • Wildlife and fisheries ecology • conservation and management in practice • habitat management techniques • animal management techniques • scientific tools

3. Today’s Outline • Defining wildlife and fisheries biology • History of wildlife and fisheries biology Why do YOU care?

4. What is wildlife? • Bias towards charismatic megafauna; cite examples • Give three examples of wildlife • Game vs. non-game • In PA > 60 mammals; how many are hunted? > 300 birds • In US <9% of birds and 12% of mammals are designated as “game”

5. What is Wildlife? • Pig? • Feral swine • Channel catfish in river • Channel catfish in adjacent fish farm pond • Wild Brook Trout in California? (stocked) • Ring-necked Pheasant in PA?

6. Fisheries • What is/are fisheries? • Give three examples of fisheries • Game vs. non-game • Refers to a target species, not confined to just fish in general

7. Fisheries?

8. What is wildlife and fisheries biology? Habitat Biota Human User

9. Grassland Black-footed ferret Farmer or rancher

10. Mountain meadows Elk Hunters

11. What is wildlife and fisheries biology? • Journal of Wildlife Management – in premier issue (1937) • Wildlife management is “the practical ecology of all vertebrates and their plant and animal associates” • Wildlife management “along sound biological lines is part of the greater movement for conservation of our entire native flora and fauna”

12. Conservation vs. Management • Management – to manipulate with a goal in mind (read excerpt p. 2 in Bolen) • Conservation – to sustain healthy or restore unhealthy populations • Conservation is NOT Preservation • Preservation – leaving natural systems as they are • Gifford Pinchot – a forester for T. Roosevelt • Lines have been blurred

13. What is wildlife management? • Game or stock management • Endangered species management • Non-game management • Animal control • Basic biology – Natural history • Habitat management - Restoration ecology • People management

14. “To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering” Aldo Leopold

15. Who needs a wildlife or fisheries biologist? • Municipal, state, federal, tribal agencies need biologists to manage and conserve • Private sector • Law enforcement • Politicians

16. History of Wildlife & Fisheries Biology Genesis 1:28 “Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the Earth, and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth,”

17. History of Wildlife & Fisheries Biology • Kublai Khan (1259-1294 AD) decreed no taking of any animals from March to October

18. History of Wildlife Management • At the same time in Europe, wildlife was exploited for food with less regard for management • Wildlife viewed as enemies to be conquered, subordinates to be controlled, or competitors • In most countries, wildlife belongs to the landowner!

19. History of Wildlife Management • By 1700s only wildlife left was on property of nobles • Wildlife and fish were owned by the king • With his permission, nobles were granted the right to hunt

20. Supreme Court declared that all property of the king belonged to the people

21. Market Hunting(read excerpt p. 6 of Bolen)

22. A market for hunting • American robins, plovers, curlews, sandpipers were sold in restaurants • Swans, herons and egrets hunted for plumes • Led to Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918

23. Punt Gun Hunting

24. Frank Chapman's 1886 Feathered Hat Census

25. FAILURE! • 60 million reduced to 150

26. FAILURE! 50 BILLION reduced to 0

27. FAILURE! Extirpated from PA Mammals: Fisher, Marten, Mountain Lion, Gray Wolf, Lynx, Wolverine, Bison, Elk

28. FAILURE in progress? Birds: • Passenger Pigeon, Greater Prairie Chicken, Piping Plover, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Bewick’s Wren, Bachman’s Sparrow

29. No holds barred… • Waterfowl were shot with cannons loaded with shot (Read Chesapeake by James Michener) • Bison shot from moving trains • No seasons, no limits, no geographical restrictions • The abundance of wildlife seemed limitless

30. Market hunting – the trade or selling of wildlife for commerce • Subsistence hunting – the taking of wildlife for food • Trophy hunting – the taking of “premium” specimens

31. By early 1900’s hunting opportunities were scarce and people began to realize that some sort of conservation and management of wildlife and fisheries were needed.

32. Teddy Roosevelt – 26th president (1901-1909) • developed National Wildlife Refuge system • reserved 230 million acres for public use

33. Aldo Leopold • Father of US wildlife management • 1933- GameManagement • 1949- A Sand County Almanac

34. 1937-Pittman-Robertson Act- 10% (now 11%) excise on slaes of sporting arms and ammunition • supplemented legislative appropriations and license fees • More recently, growing numbers who value wildlife for reasons other than hunting • should it be the Pennsylvania Wildlife Commission?

35. … and today?