NIH Investment in the Science of Learning

1. NIHInvestment in the Science of Learning Robert M. Kaplan NIH Associate Director for Behavioral and Social Sciences Sabrina Liao GeehtaSenthil Office of the Director

2. NIH Overview

3. The National Institutes of HealthThe Nation’s Steward of Medical & Behavioral Research “Science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems ... and the application of that knowledge to extend healthy life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability.”

4. NIH Institutes and Centers NCI NINR DPCPSI: OBSSR, ORWH, OAR, ODP Soon to be added: Office of Data Science NCCAM NIEHS NHLBI OD NIAMS NIMHD NIDA NIMH NLM NEI NIDDK NIBIB NINDS NCATS NHGRI NIDCR NIA NIDCD CIT NIGMS NIAAA NICHD NIAID FIC CC CSR No Funding Authority Extramural only

5. NIH Extramural & Intramural FundingFY 2012 Enacted: $30.9 Billion Spending at NIH $5.2 B Spending Outside NIH$25.7 B

6. NIH’s Impact on U.S. Health and MedicineU.S. Life Expectancy Life expectancy gains worth ~$3.2 trillion annually NIH Accomplishments Cardiovascular disease death rates have fallen> 60% in the last half-century Increased survival rates for: • Breast cancer • Cervical cancer • Colon cancer Cancer rates now falling ~1% per year; each 1% drop saves ~$500 billion HIV therapies enable people in their 20s to live to age 70+ Reduction in deaths from: Heart disease Stroke HIV/AIDS

7. Impact of NIH-Supported ResearchOn U.S. Economy • In 2011, NIH research supported 432,000 jobs at more than 2,500 institutions, small businesses nationwide • In 2011, NIH funding generated $62 billion in new economic activity—double taxpayers’ investment • NIH serves as foundation for entire U.S. medical innovation sector that: • Employs 1 million U.S. citizens • Generates $84 billion in wages, salaries • Exports $90 billion in goods, services Source: An Economic Engine: NIH Research, Employment and the Future of the Medical Innovation Sector, United Medical Research, May 2011

8. NIH Priorities • Basic Research on Human Health and Disease • Translational Research • Fund Training and Biomedical Workforce Development

9. NIH Extramural & Intramural FundingFY 2012 Enacted: $30.9 Billion • $3.4 B Intramural Research • $1.5 B Research Management & Support • $0.3 B Buildings and Facilities, Other Spending at NIH $5.2 B 17% • Supports over 300,000 Scientists & Research Personnel • Supports over 2,500 Institutions Spending Outside NIH$25.7 B 83%

10. Science of Learning Portfolio Searched Query/View/Response (QVR) for projects containing learning keywords and developed a fingerprint. 965 funded projects for FY 2010, 2011 and 2012. There are a few duplicates for the list of 2011 and 2012 as they contain Type 5s of some projects from prior years. In order to have unique representation of each project, we focused on all competing and non-competing projects for FY 2010 and only competing projects for subsequent years. This resulted in 560 projects. The following slides depict scientific categories within these projects , created using PVIZ (portfolio visualization tool). This tool is based on Carrot 2 ‘Lingo’ clustering algorithm. Further details on this algorithm can be obtained at http://project.carrot2.org/algorithms.html

11. Search Terms learning, social learning, molecular learning, neural processes of learning, neural learning, cognitive learning, social influences, cognitive processes of learning, animal learning, neurological learning, molecular basis of learning, machine learning, cognitive processes of learning, social influences on learning, cognitive basis of learning, neurological basis of learning, artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence learning, human learning.

12. Circular visualization of 965 Projects All competing and non-competing awarded projects FY 2010-FY2012

13. Circular visualization of 560 Projects Brain Category (20 Projects) Few Exa mples: Transgenic Zebra Finches: New Tool for Studying Learning and Brain Repair. The Neurobiology of Social Decision-Making Aging and the Cognitive and Neural Bases of Implicit Associative Learning Developmental Trajectories of Negative Symptoms in SchizophreniaNeural mechanisms of speech learning in older adultsBehavioral and Neurologic Factors in Speech LearningThe Learning Brain - Interactive Inquiry for Teachers and StudentsAssociative learning and brain structure in individuals at risk for dementia All competing and non-competing awarded projects for FY 2010 and only competing projects for FY 2011 and FY2012

14. Aduna visualization of 560 Projects This visualization is useful to show overlap and inter-relationships between the selected categories/topics. The figure below shows the projects that overlap multiple categories , for example there four projects that belong to both ‘Cell Signaling’ and ‘Implicit Learning ‘ categories Major categories within Learning portfolio Sub-category within major category ‘Implicit Learning ‘

15. Treemap visualization By funding associated with ICs

16. Treemap visualization By funding associated with Institutions

17. Word Cloud

18. Total Projects & Funding (Exact Phrase)

19. Machine Learning (486)

20. Neural Processes (115)

21. Artificial Intelligence (42)

22. Cognitive Learning (13)

23. Animal Learning(8)

24. Social Learning (250)

25. Cognitive Processes(215)

26. Social Influences (44)

27. Neural Learning (6)

28. Cognitive Processes of Learning (2) NIMH (2) $697,254

29. Neural Processes of Learning(1) NIMH (1) $381,822

30. Molecular Basis of Learning(1) NINDS (1) $288,341

31. Molecular Learning (1) NINDS (1) $170,402