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Foundations

Foundations. Stages of Human Development. Hominids Australopithecus (Lucy) Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens: Neanderthal Man, Cro-Magnon Man Homo Sapiens Sapiens. “Out of Africa” vs Multiregional Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic Eras Neolithic Revolution (Transition)

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Foundations

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  1. Foundations

  2. Stages of Human Development • Hominids • Australopithecus (Lucy) • Homo Habilis • Homo Erectus • Homo Sapiens: Neanderthal Man, Cro-Magnon Man • Homo Sapiens Sapiens

  3. “Out of Africa” vs Multiregional • Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic Eras • Neolithic Revolution (Transition) • How did Sedentary Agriculture lead to Civilization? • Cultural Diffusion versus Independent Invention

  4. Role of pastoral nomads • Differences between hunter-gatherers and sedentary agricultural societies: gender roles, social stratification, religion

  5. 4 Primary Civilizations • Sumer (Mesopotamia) • Egypt • Harappa • China • River valleys, irrigation, urbanization, writing systems, organized religions

  6. Secondary Civilizations • Aryans (conquered Harappa) • Zhou (invaded and assimilated by China) • Fertile Crescent: Hebrews, Hittites, etc. • Egypt: Kush, Axsum, Nubia • Minoan civilization (Crete)

  7. Classical Civilizations • Ca 1000 BCE to 500 CE • Complex, cosmopolitan societies • Religions based on ethical/moral considerations • Cross-cultural trade, cultural diffusion • Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Dynasty China • Mauryan-Gupta India • Greco-Roman (Hellenistic) in Mediterranean

  8. Axial Age ca 900-200 BCE • Development of complex, ethics/morality based religions • Zoroastrianism (Iran) • Judaism/ethical monotheism (Israel) • Greek philosophy • Hinduism, Buddhism (India) • Confucianism, Daoism (China)

  9. Classical Era trading systems • Silk Road • Indian Ocean • Straits of Malacca • Mediterranean • Caravan routes in Africa, Middle East

  10. End of Classical Era ca 500 CE • “barbarian” invasions • Diseases • Economic and political decline • Collapse of Gupta India, Han China. • Roman Empire divided, west collapsed, east became Byzantine Empire centered around Constantinople

  11. Spread of Religions • Buddhism spreads from China into Korea, Japan • Mahayana vs Theravada Buddhism • Christianity spread into Western Europe, Byzantine Empire, divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

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