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European Colonialism in Africa. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY. African Trade [15c-17c]. Pre-19c European Trade with Africa. European Nationalism. Source for Raw Materials. Missionary Activity. Industrial Revolution. European Motives For Colonization.
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European Colonialism in Africa Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
EuropeanNationalism Source for Raw Materials MissionaryActivity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets forFinishedGoods Military& NavalBases SocialDarwinism EuropeanRacism Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul. HumanitarianReasons Soc. & Eco.Opportunities “WhiteMan’sBurden”
Cape Town • 1652 the Dutch arrive • 1688 French Huguenots arrive to escape French persecution • 1795 Netherlands invaded by France. British occupy Cape Town to keep it out of French hands • 1814-following defeat of Napoleon, British given Cape Colony
Boers Clash With the Xhosa Tribes Boer Farmer
Great Trek 1834 • More than 10,000 Boers left the Cape Colony with their families and went north and northeast. • The primary reason for this movement was discontent with the English authorities. • Slavery abolished in the British Empire in 1833 • This British policy would destroy the Boer’s traditional social order based on racial separation.
The Great Trek, 1836-38 Afrikaners
Great Trek 1834 Dutch farmers known as the Boers left the British dominated Cape Colony and created new colonial states in the Orange Free State and the Transvaal
Boer-British Tensions Increase • 1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. • 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President. • 1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal
Discovery of Gold 1886 • Gold was discovered near Johannesburg • Huge number of Uitlanders (foreigners), mainly from Britain, came to the region in search of employment and fortune. • Fearful of the Transvaal losing independence and becoming a British colony, the Boer government adopted policies of protectionism and exclusion. • These restrictions made it difficult for Uitlandlers to become citizens.
Cecil Rhodes Governor of the Cape Colony. Had a vision to incorporate the Transvaaland the Orange Free State into a federation under British control. Rhodes planned a raid by an armed column from Rhodesia, the British colony to the north, to support an uprising of the Uitlanders with the goal of taking control. The Jameson Raid was a critical part of this.
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) “The Colossus of Rhodes”
Jameson Raid • The basic plan was that Johannesburg would revolt and seize the Boer armoury in Pretoria. • Jameson and his force would dash across the border to Johannesburg to “restore order” and with control of Johannesburg would control the gold fields. • The raid failed and Jameson and his men were jailed.
The Boer War: 1899 - 1900 The British The Boers
The Boer Wars • There were two Boer wars starting in 1180 and 1899. • The second Boer War is the more infamous.
The Second Boer War • Following the discovery of Gold in the Transvaal in 1885 there was a rush of non-Boer settlers (Uitlanders). • The new settlers were poorly regarded by the Boers and in return there was pressure to remove the Boer government. • In 1896 the ineffective coup d’etat of the Jameson raid and the failure to gain rights for Britons was used as an excuse to justify a major British military build up in the Cape Colony.
The Second Boer War • The Boers under Paul Kruger struck first • The Boers fought in a guerilla style • The British utilized concentration camps • The war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging. The Treaty ended the Transvaal and Orange Free State as Boer Republics and placed them within the British Empire. • The British looked like bullies.
1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone? DoctorLivingstone,I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley Dr. David Livingstone
The Belgian Congo: "King Leopold's Ghost"
5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official
Congress of Berlin 1884-1885 • The Congress of Berlin was not the start of the “scramble for Africa”, but it laid down the rules that governed the European conquest of Africa for the next 15 years. • The most important issue was the future of the Congo River Basin.
Bismarck’s Role • France was still hostile after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and Bismarck wanted to improve Franco-German relations. • By hosting an international conference it added prestige to the new German nation. • Although Bismarck generally considered colonies as expensive and useless. • Bismarck hoped this would lead to greater hostilities between France and England. • Established principle of effective occupation.
The Suez Canal • A French owned company began the canal in 1859 • Took over 10 years to complete • The Khedieve Ismail in serious financial trouble sold his 44% of the shares of the Suez canal to the British (Disraeli) 1875.
2. What is the Source of the Nile? Sir Richard Burton John Speke
Africa in the 1880s
Africa in 1914
The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling
White Mans Burden • Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. • Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.
