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Constitutional Law

Constitutional Law. Political Question Definition Nixon v. United States Nixon? Chief Judge, US District Ct, Miss Received a gratuity – ask a DA to halt the prosecution of a businessman ’ s son Jury: false statements; sentenced to prison House: impeachment; Senate. Issue:

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Constitutional Law

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  1. Constitutional Law

  2. Political Question • Definition • Nixon v. United States • Nixon? • Chief Judge, US District Ct, Miss • Received a gratuity – ask a DA to halt the prosecution of a businessman’s son • Jury: false statements; sentenced to prison • House: impeachment; Senate

  3. Issue: • Senate (Impeachment Rule XI) – Committee to “receive evidence and take testimony” • Art. I:3:6: The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. • District Ct/Ct of Appeals: nonjusticiable

  4. Nonjusticiable (political question) • Textually – constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department • Lack of justiciable discoverable and manageable standard • “Try”– no justiciable manageable standard (p. 27) • “Sole”– Ct cannot review

  5. Argue: Senate will usurp judicial power • Two safeguards • Impeachment: two legislative bodies • Senate: 2/3

  6. 1788 US Constitution (p. 26) • Articles I – VII • Amendments I – XXVII • Bill of Rights I - X

  7. Legislative Power • Legislative Power • House of Representative, 435 • Senate, 100: 2/state • Sources (p. 33)

  8. McCulloch v. Maryland • Federal – Bank • Maryland – Tax • McCulloch, refused to pay tax • Argue (p. 34) • S Ct: • Art. I:8:8: To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper必要且合理 for carrying into execution the foregoing power … • Art. VI: This Constitution ... shall be the supreme law of the land ... 憲法至高性

  9. Commerce Power 商務權 (interstate commerce) • Gibbons v. Ogden (p. 35) • Ogden (NY/NJ – New York Law) • Gibbons (Act of Congress) • Ct: ruled for Gibbons • Ogden - injunction

  10. NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Co. • National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (p. 36, ft 21) • Affectation doctrine 影響理論 • Wickard v. Filburn (p .37) • Perez v. U.S. (p. 37)

  11. Racial Discrimination • Katzenbach v. McClung (p. 38) • Civil Right Act; restaurant • Limitation • U.S. v. Lopez (p. 39) • Gun-Free School Zone • True nexus

  12. Taxing Power • Limit • Amendment X: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. • Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (p. 41) • Social welfare • United States v. Constantine • Police Power

  13. Spending Power 預算支出權 • Oklahoma v. Civil Service Commission • Hatch Political Activity Act (p. 44, fn 38) • South Dakota v. Dole • Alcohol

  14. War and Defense Power • Martial Law/Courts-Martial • Different from Art III court (p. 46) • 台灣省戒嚴令 1949/5 - 解嚴 1987/7 (38年又56天) • Exceptions (p. 47)

  15. Samuel Chase (p. 50) Andrew Johnson Bill Clinton NOT includes Richard Nixon Resigned Impeachment

  16. Grade 6: 2 5: 5 4: 9 3: 20 2: 7 1: 2 Degrees J.D. – Taiwan does not have the program LL.B. – Not L.B. LL.M. – Not L.M. Experience Law Firm – Name Do not use “I” Company Position (Legal Intern) Worked on… Past Tense – NOT “works on, becomes” Resume – Comments

  17. Do not list “preparation for the bar exam”– NOT work experience Visited NY No need to list “ROC”– if the resume is used outside Taiwan Years Recent – past E.g. 2012, 2011 Lawyer,Lee & Li A space after “,”; # Format is IMPORTANT Different fonts

  18. Executive Power • Who can be the president? • Qualification (p. 51) • Arnold? • Electoral System 選舉人制度 • Indirect election • 538 electors (since 1964) Electoral College 選舉人團 • 48 states –winner-takes-all rule • California (55), Texas (34), New York (31), Florida (27), Illinois (21) and Pennsylvania (21). • Undemocratic/Swing state • Federalism/protection of small states • 2008 Election • Obama 28 states + DC - 365 • McClain 22 states - 173

  19. Term (p. 53) • Reasons for removal • Death • Resignation • impeachment

  20. Veto Power 否決權(p. 56) • Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer • Pardon Power 赦免權(p. 57) • Murphy v. Ford

  21. Commander-in-Chief/International Affairs (p. 58) • War Power Resolution (WPR) • United States v. Courtiss-Wright Export Corp. • Congress- joint resolution: authorizes the president to prohibit the sales of arms to Bolivia and Paraguay • Reestablishment of peace • President: embargo

  22. President • Sole organ of the nations – external relations • Sole representative with foreign nations • Congressional Legislation • Accord to the President • Degree of discretion • Freedom from statutory restriction • President • Better opportunity of knowing the conditions • Confidential sources • Ct: Reversed

  23. Campell v. Clinton • President violated WPR/War Powers Clause • NATO – Yugoslavia • Ct: Lack of Standing 無當事人資格

  24. Privileges and Immunities (p. 60) • United States v. Nixon • Deep throat • Mark Felt (associate director of FBI) • Washington Post

  25. Judicial Power • Structure (p. 62) • Supreme Court • 9 justices • Court of Appeals • 13 Circuit • District Court • Article III judges/courts • A writ of certiorari申請上訴狀

  26. Bill of Rights 人權法案 • 1789: Amendments I-X (p. 67) • First Amendment • Jury (p. 68) • Civil • Criminal • 國旗敬禮

  27. Religious Class/School (p. 70) • Freedom of Speech • 焚燒國旗 (p. 73) • New York Times v. Sulivan • Public officials • Martin Luther King 金恩 • NY Times – Advertisement • Sulivan – police commissioner 局長 (Montgomery, Alabama) • Lower Court/Jury – 500,000

  28. breathing space • Actual malice 真實惡意 • Knowledge – false • Reckless disregard – false • Supreme Ct: Reversed • 刑法第310條規定，意圖散布於眾，而指摘或傳述足以毀損他人名譽之事者，為誹謗罪 • 同法第311條第3款規定，以善意發表言論，對於可受公評之事，而為適當之評論者，不罰。 • 2009 板橋地方法院 余天案

  29. Commercial Speech • 藥劑師 • 律師 • Advertisement • In person

  30. Phillip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition National Round Int’l Round - DC ELSA WTO Moot Court Competition Regional Round Int’l Round – Geneva, Taipei International Law Competition

  31. 刑事被告 • Warrant (p. 79) • Miranda v. Arizona • Miranda Warning

  32. Equal Protection 平等保護原則 • Scott v. Sanford (p. 82) • Dred Scott • Missouri Compromise • Amendment XIV (p. 83) • Plessy v. Ferguson (p. 85) • Separate but Equal • Brown v. Board of Education (p. 86) • Korematsu v. United States (p. 87)

  33. Equal Protection – Scrutiny • Strict Scrutiny • Compelling + necessary • Middle-Tier Scrutiny • Important + substantially related to • Rational Basis Scrutiny • Legitimate + rationally related to • Examples • Taiwan immigrants/US citizens – extra 2% tax • Chinese students – employment, extra investigation • Women can’t vote

  34. Affirmative Action • Regents of the Univ. of CA v. Bakke (p. 91) • Quota; “narrowly tailored” • Gratz v. Bollinger (undergraduate) • 20 points • Grutter v. Bollinger (law school) • Favors minority

  35. Abortion (right of privacy) • Roe v. Wade • First trimester • Second trimester • Third trimester

  36. Civil Procedure • Subject Matter Jurisdiction (p. 262) • Federal law + 75,000 • Personal Jurisdiction • Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington • Minimum contacts – long-arm statute • Venue

  37. Complaint • Summons – served! • Injunction • Discovery • Deposition – witnesses • Interrogatory - parties

  38. Jury (jurors) – Amendment VI • Challenge for cause • E.g. race • E.g. victim • Peremptory challenge

  39. Default judgment • Summary judgment • After jury • JNOV • Final judgment • Claim preclusion – res judicata • Issue preclusion – collateral estoppel

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