Research-based Principles of Vocabulary Teaching Norbert Schmitt

1. Research-based Principles of Vocabulary TeachingNorbert Schmitt

2. Importance of Vocabulary How important is vocabulary in first and second language use?  ?

3. Importance of Vocabulary How important is vocabulary in first and second language use? 

4. Vocabulary Size How large a vocabulary size do you need to function in English? a. 2,000 word families b. 4,000 word families c. 6,000 word families d. 8,000 word families e. 10,000 word families f. 10,000+

5. Vocabulary Size How large a vocabulary size do you need to function in English? It Depends!

6. Vocabulary Size(Word families) Daily conversation 2,000 - 3,000 (minimum size which enables basic communication) 5,000 - 7,000 (size which enables conversation on a wide range of topics) Read authentic texts 3,000 - 5,000 (begin to read a range of authentic texts 8,000 - 9,000 (size which enables reading on a wide range of topics)

7. High / Low frequency Vocabulary Hi-frequency Everything else = Low-frequency vocabulary? vocabulary TEACHDISREGARD 2,000 word families everything else

8. Mid-frequency Vocabulary (Schmitt & Schmitt, 2012) 3,000 3,000 – 9,000 9,000+ Hi-frequency Mid-frequency Low-frequency vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary

9. High / Mid / Low frequency Vocabulary 3,000 3,000 – 9,000 9,000+ Hi-frequency Mid-frequency Low-frequency vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary TEACH ADDRESS IN SOME WAY STRATEGIES

10. Where do these size requirement estimates come from anyway?

11. Fat City (95% coverage) In December, to the delight of many __________ and the ______ of many doughnut lovers, the New York City Board of Health voted to ban artificial trans fats from restaurants, school cafeterias, pushcarts, and almost every other food-service establishment it oversees, which includes most everything except hospitals. Trans fats don’t occur naturally in the things people like but feel guilty eating, or at least not at high levels (there are small proportions in the fat in meat and dairy products). But artificial ones are plentiful in commercial foods, because they are easy to use, cheaper than natural fats, and keep practically forever. Trans fats are made by pumping _______ gas into liquid fats usually in the presence of _____ so that they will remain solid at room temperature, like butter and ___; and they have the same wonderful properties in pie crusts, cookies, and cakes. Crisco, still _____ for solid shortening made by partial ___________ (of cottonseed oil), soon became the “______” choice for pie crust and fried chicken, making pastry almost as flaky and skin almost as crisp as ___ does.

12. Fat City (95% coverage) In December, to the delight of many cardiologists and the dismay of many doughnut lovers, the New York City Board of Health voted to ban artificial trans fats from restaurants, school cafeterias, pushcarts, and almost every other food-service establishment it oversees, which includes most everything except hospitals. Trans fats don’t occur naturally in the things people like but feel guilty eating, or at least not at high levels (there are small proportions in the fat in meat and dairy products). But artificial ones are plentiful in commercial foods, because they are easy to use, cheaper than natural fats, and keep practically forever. Trans fats are made by pumping hydrogen gas into liquid fats usually in the presence of nickel so that they will remain solid at room temperature, like butter and lard; and they have the same wonderful properties in pie crusts, cookies, and cakes. Crisco, still generic for solid shortening made by partial hydrogenation (of cottonseed oil), soon became the “sanitary” choice for pie crust and fried chicken, making pastry almost as flaky and skin almost as crisp as lard does.

13. The Truth About Beauty (98% coverage) Cosmetics makers have always sold “hope in a jar” – creams and ______ that promise youth, beauty, sex appeal, and even love for the women who use them. Over the last few years, the marketers at Dove have added some new-and-improved __________. They’re now promising self-esteem and cultural transformation. Dove’s “Campaign for Real Beauty,” declares a press release, is “a global effort that is intended to serve as a starting point for societal change and act as a ______ for widening the definition and discussion of beauty.” Along with its thigh-firming creams, self-tanners, and hair conditioners, Dove is peddling the crowd-pleasing notions that beauty is a media creation, that recognizing plural forms of beauty is the same as declaring every woman beautiful, and that self-esteem means ignoring imperfections.

14. The Truth About Beauty (98% coverage) Cosmetics makers have always sold “hope in a jar” – creams and potions that promise youth, beauty, sex appeal, and even love for the women who use them. Over the last few years, the marketers at Dove have added some new-and-improved enticements. They’re now promising self-esteem and cultural transformation. Dove’s “Campaign for Real Beauty,” declares a press release, is “a global effort that is intended to serve as a starting point for societal change and act as a catalyst for widening the definition and discussion of beauty.” Along with its thigh-firming creams, self-tanners, and hair conditioners, Dove is peddling the crowd-pleasing notions that beauty is a media creation, that recognizing plural forms of beauty is the same as declaring every woman beautiful, and that self-esteem means ignoring imperfections.

15. Coverage Size Requirement 98-99%  8,000-9,000 word families for reading

16. Schmitt, Jiang, and Grabe (2011)

17. Vocabulary Coverage vs. Listening Comprehension (van Zeeland & Schmitt, 2013)

18. Coverage Size Requirement 95%  2,000-3,000 word families for listening to spoken narratives

19. English Vocabulary Size of Foreign Learners(Laufer, 2000) Vocabulary Hours of Size Instruction • Japan EFL University 2,000-2,300 800-1,200 • China English majors 4,000 1,800-2,400 • Indonesia EFL University 1,220 900 • Oman EFL University 2,000 1,350+ • Israel High school graduates 3,500 1,500 • France High school 1,000 400 • Greece Age 15, high school 1,680 660 • Germany Age 15, high school 1,200 400

20. How to Address Such Large Amounts of Vocabulary? Why not teach just the most ‘content-ful’ words? Technical Vocabulary ESP vocabulary Academic Support Vocabulary e.g. Academic Word List (Coxhead, 2000) 20

21. Developing LSP Word Lists “Technical vocabulary ‘is dependent for a full appreciation of its meaning on the meaning of the other terms in the cluster of which it is a member.’” (Godman and Payne, 1981: 37, in Coxhead and Nation, 2001)

22. An ESP Text (Wang, et al., 2008) Technical Vocabulary only wounds wound healing. wounds wounds pressure ulcers leg ulcers. wounds clinical Pressure ulcers ischemia necrosis hospitalized mobility Leg ulcers etiologies. ulcers dysfunction backflow blood. blood macromolecules dermis, nutrients

23. +Medical AWL Chronic woundschallenge wound healing. wounds involve area, incidenceimpacts. chronicwoundspressure ulcers leg ulcers. estimated affectclinicalannually. ischemianecrosis, hospitalizedmobilityimpaired. Leg ulcers varietyetiologies. Venousdysfunction veinsbackflowvenousblood. Venousbloodmacromoleculesdermis barriersnutrients

24. A Complete Medical Text Chronic wounds represent a different kind of challenge for wound healing. These wounds do not usually involve a large surface area, but they have a high incidence in the general population and thus have enormous medical and economic impacts. The most common chronicwounds include pressure ulcers and leg ulcers. In the United States alone, these wounds are estimated to affect more than 2 million people with total clinical treatment costs as high as $1 billionannually. Pressure ulcers, characterized by tissueischemia and necrosis, are common among patients in long-term care settings, but patients hospitalized for short-term care settings are also at risk if mobility is impaired. Leg ulcers can have a variety of etiologies. Venous ulcers are the most common, often resulting from dysfunction of valves in veins of the lower leg that normally prevent the backflow of venousblood. Venouscongestion leads to leakage of blood and macromolecules into the dermis, which can act as physical barriers to diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the

25. Need Foundation Vocabulary So academic and technical word lists are useful, but cannot replace the need for learners to have a solid foundation of high- and mid-frequency vocabulary in place

26. How to Address Such Large Amounts of Vocabulary? • These are clearly large numbers of word families to learn • Long-term goal • Most teachers do not have the time, expertise, or opportunity to organize large amounts of vocabulary over a period of time • Most will rely on textbooks to provide the principled selection and instruction of vocabulary

27. How to Address Such Large Amounts of Vocabulary? A single textbook cannot do the job (even a vocabulary textbook) So are textbook series up to the task? 27

28. 28

29. Chilean Case Study(Diaz Berrocal) Ministry sets vocabulary targets for 8 years of ELT schooling Analyzed mandatory books for the 8 years ( 5th-12th grades) Counted number of word families in books Frequency analysis of those word families How much recycling was there? 29

30. Ministry Vocabulary Targets Comprehended New Learned 5th 250 250* 6th 500 250* 7th 800 300 8th 1,200 400 9th 1,500 300 10th 2,000 500 11th 2,500 500 12th 3,000 500 30

31. Textbook Vocabulary Load (without proper nouns) Comprehended Textbooks 5th 250* 1,086 6th 500* 1,142 7th 800 1,479 8th 1,200 1,568 9th 1,500 2,027 10th 2,000 2,565 11th 2,500 2,557 12th 3,000 2,696 31

32. Textbook Vocabulary Load (without proper nouns) Comprehended Textbooks 5th 250* 1,086 6th 500* 1,142 7th 800 1,479 8th 1,200 1,568 9th 1,500 2,027 10th 2,000 2,565 11th 2,500 2,557 12th 3,000 2,696 32

33. Textbook Vocabulary Load (without proper nouns) Comprehended Textbooks 5th 250* 1,086 6th 500* 1,142 7th 800 1,479 8th 1,200 1,568 9th 1,500 2,027 10th 2,000 2,565 11th 2,500 2,557 12th 3,000 2,696 33

34. Frequency of Words in Textbooks Shared with COCA 3000 Proper nouns WithoutWith 5th 67% 83% 6th 70% 86% 7th 68% 83% 8th 67% 83% 9th 62% 82% 10th 58% 76% 11th 60% 77% 12th 58% 76% 34

35. Frequency of Words in Textbooks Shared with COCA 3000 Proper nouns WithoutWith All <95% 5th 67% 83% 6th 70% 86% 7th 68% 83% 8th 67% 83% 9th 62% 82% 10th 58% 76% 11th 60% 77% 12th 58% 76% 35

36. Recycling of 1st 3,000 Words Former TextsNew Text# Recycled%Recycled 56 632 46% 5+6 7 833 47% 5+6+7 8 1,053 56% 5+6+7+8 9 1,285 50% 5+6+7+8+9 10 1,575 50% 5+6+7+8+9 11 1,704 54% +10 5+6+7+8+9 12 1,807 54% +10+11 36

37. Chilean Case StudyConclusions Textbooks do not match Ministry goals No obvious approach to vocabulary selection or recycling Ministry gives size goals, not specific word lists Publishers given no guidance as to what words to use Different publishers do not liaise with each other to build coherent program 37

38. Vocabulary Knowledge is a Complex Construct

39. What Does It Mean to Know A Word? Form Spoken form Written form Word parts Meaning Form and meaning Concept and referents Associations Use Grammatical functions Collocations Constraints on use (register, frequency…) (Nation, 2001: 27) 39

40. Lexical Organization “Vocabulary size is not a feature of individual words: rather it is a characteristic of the test taker’s entire vocabulary.” (Meara and Wolter, 2004: 87) Size is a feature of the overall lexicon 40

41. Lexical Organization Nature of the Lexicon must be connected with vocabulary knowledge Better connected and more highly organized lexicons should relate to more vocabulary knowledge 41

42. Automaticity Should also lead to faster speed of access and use Fluency 42

43. How to Facilitate this Complex Learning for Large Numbers of Words? Incidental Learning Explicit Intentional Learning 43

44. Incidental Learning Many practitioners believe that all necessary vocabulary can be learned incidentally simply by being exposed to, and by using, language 44

45. Incidental learning does occur in L2 (Reading) Do Things Fall Apart?(Pellicer-Sánchez and Schmitt, 2010) Nigerian language Ibo Spelling recognition: (2-4)=16% (10-17)= 85% Word class recall: (2-4)=7% (10-17)= 54% Meaning recognition: (2-4)=33% (10-17)= 80% Meaning recall: (2-4)=5% (10-17)= 48% 45

46. Incidental learning does occur in L2 (Listening) (Van Zeeland & Schmitt, 2013) 46

47. Problem: Incidental learning is limited by amount of exposure It takes at least 8-10 reading exposures to develop an initial form-meaning link and more for meaning recall knowledge (even more for listening) Other word knowledge types (e.g. collocation, register, derivative forms) will likely take many more exposures Most L2 learners do not read enough to ensure this number of repetitions (Cobb, 2007) SO incidental learning is useful, but not sufficient 47

48. Intentional learning Virtually all research shows that intentional learning with an explicit focus on the target linguistic features results in learning that is Stronger More durable More consistent among learners Productivemastery seems to come mainly from productive engagement 48

49. Is Knowledge of the Form-Meaning Link Enough? Learning a word might require more than just learning its meaning and form For receptive use, perhaps a meaning-recall level of mastery might suffice See/hear word form and retrieve/recall meaning All of the other ‘contextual’ word knowledge aspects are already in the discourse/text 49

50. Various Kinds of ‘Word Knowledge’ are Learned Differently But for productive use, learners have a concept in their head, but must produce the appropriate lexical form This requires most (all?) of the ‘contextual’ kinds of word knowledge These contextual aspects (e.g. collocation, connotation, register constraints) are more difficult to teach, and probably require large amounts of exposure to acquire incidentally 50