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Big Idea # 2 Practice Questions

Big Idea # 2 Practice Questions.

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Big Idea # 2 Practice Questions

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  1. Big Idea #2 Practice Questions

  2. The first organism observed on earth were photosynthetic prokaryotes. These organisms did not have organelles. Organelles are an advantage for eukaryotic cells. Describe two reasons why organelles are beneficial to cells. Describe one reason why organelles are not beneficial.

  3. 10cm 20cm Which cell is more efficient by removing waste by diffusion

  4. Macrophages are a part of the nonspecific immune system. Describe how a macrophage works.

  5. Chemiosmosis is an important concept to understand when talking about energy production in living organisms. Describe the structure of a chloroplast and explain how the proton gradient of chemiosmosis is achieved.

  6. Cellular Respiration is performed by eukaryotic cells that contain mitochondria. This includes the groups Protista, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. The purpose of cellular respiration is to • synthesize carbohydrates from Carbon Dioxide and water. • Synthesize lipids and proteins from Carbon Dioxide and water. • breakdown carbohydrates, or lipids, or proteins to provide energy for the cell in the form of ATP. • breakdown carbohydrates, or lipids, or proteins to provide energy for the cell in the form of ADP.

  7. Glycolysis is believed to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes. It would have evolved billions of years ago. Which statement below least supports this idea? • Bacteria, the most primitive of cells, make extensive use of Glycolysis to generate ATP. • If run in reverse, glycolysis will build glucose molecules. • The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane- enclosed organelle. • Glycolysis neither uses nor needs O2 for energy production.

  8. Glycolysis is an ancient process that still exists in cells, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, still today. It has two parts to the process: the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase. Explain in detail what is happening in each phase, be sure to include the starting molecules and ending molecules for each phase.

  9. Short Free Response 13 points possible Points award for: Discussion of the Energy investment phase requiring 2 ATP to break glucose into 2 G3P. (1pt) Discussion of the 2 G3 Ps being converted to Pyruvate and producing 4 ATP and 2 NADH. (1pt) Start and ending points for each phase mentioned. Must mention both phases to get the point.(1 pt)

  10. Suppose an individual inherits a genetic disorder that affects the structure of the proteins involved in the electron transport chain so that they can only perform their task at 50%. What will be the effects of this genetic disorder on the individual’s cells and body. Be sure to explain, using your knowledge of cellular respiration, why these effects will occur.

  11. Short Free Response 23 points possible Points awarded for: Discussion of the the proteins of the ETC being necessary for creating the proton gradient. (1pt) Discussion of slower generation of the gradient equating to less energy production by the cell. (1pt) Equating less energy by cells to less energy for the person. (1 pt)

  12. An experiment determined that when a protein unfolds to its denatured (D) state from the original folded(F) state, the change in Enthalpy is ΔH = H(D) – H(F) = 56,000 joules/mol. Also the change in Entropy is ΔS = S(D) – S(F) = 178 joules/mol. At a temperature of 20⁰C, calculate the change in Free Energy ΔG, in j/mol, when the protein unfolds from its folded state.

  13. Math Grid In 1 • ΔG = ΔH – TΔS • ΔG = (56,000 joules/mol) – 293 K (178 joules /mol) • ΔG = 56,000 joules/mol – 52,154 joules/mol = 3,846 joules/mol

  14. Alt will • What will happen to the water molecules and dissolved salts over time?

  15. Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy. The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following products of the synthesis reactions? • A polymer is the end product and ATP is a formed as a byproduct of the reaction. • A monomer is the end product and Carbon Dioxide is formed as a byproduct of the reaction. • Urea is formed as a byproduct of the reaction with a monomer as the end product. • Water is formed as a byproduct of the reaction with a polymer as the end product.

  16. After an enzyme is mixed with its substrate, the amount of product formed is determined at 10 second intervals for 1 minute. A graph of the data collected during this experiment is shown above: Determine the rate of change for the amount of product formed during the first 30 seconds of data collection. Give your answer to the nearest hundredth.

  17. The same experiment was performed again but at a higher temperature. The data collected is shown above. Calculate the Q 10 value for the increase of 10 degrees using the rates from the first question compared to this rate, for the first 30 seconds. Record your answer to the nearest tenth.

  18. Math Grid In 1 • Rate = Rise/run or ΔY/ΔX ΔY = 0.65 – 0.0 = 0.65 product formed ΔX = 30 – 0 = 30 seconds ΔY/ΔX = 0.65 product formed/30 seconds Rate = 0.65/30 = 0.02 product formed/sec

  19. Math Grid In 2 10/T2-T1 Q 10 = K2 K1 K2 – rate of higher temperature reaction K1 – rate of lower temperature reaction T2 – higher temperature T1 – lower temperature

  20. All enzymes are molecules that are affected by their environmental surroundings. Conditions such as temperature, or pH, or salinity can affect the optimal reaction rate. Changes in the environment that are too great for the enzyme to structural overcome cause the enzyme to denature. Explain what is meant by optimal and denature. Provide one specific cause of denaturation as it relates to the protein structure of enzymes.

  21. Short Free Response 13 points possible • Points awarded for: • Defining optimal – environmental condition where the enzyme functions fastest.(1 pt) • Defining denature – where the enzyme ceases to function because of altered structure. (1 pt) • Identifying a source of denaturation – (1 pt) • 2’ structure and Hydrogen bonds OR • 3’ structure and Disulfide bridges or R groups

  22. Energy Coupling is a term often associated with metabolic processes. Metabolism is an ever- ongoing process within organisms. Briefly explain what is meant by metabolism and describe the two processes involved in metabolism. Be sure to include in your brief explanation how metabolism is an example of energy coupling.

  23. Short Free Response 24 points possible Points awarded for: Defining metabolism – the sum of all chemical reactions. (1 pt) Anabolism – the construction of molecules (1 pt) Catabolism – the breakdown of molecules(1 pt) Discussion of energy coupling being using the free energy released by catabolism to power the the construction of molecules by anabolism. (1 pt)

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