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This study guide covers the fundamentals of psychology, including its history, research methods, and biological foundations. It also explores topics such as sensation perception, learning, cognition, motivation/emotion, and social psychology.
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History 2-4% • Research methodology 8-10% • Biological bases of behavior 8–10% • Sensation Perception 6-8% • Consciousness 2-4% • Learning (Behaviorism) 7-9% • Cognition (includes memory) 8-10% • Motivation/Emotion 6-8% • Development 7-9% • Personality 5-7% • Intelligence, testing 5-7% • Disorders, Treatment 10-14% • Social Psychology 8-10%
Exam Format: Section I Multiple Choice — 100 Questions | 1 Hour, 10 Minutes | 66.6% of Exam Score • Define and explain content from a range of course topics • Apply skills of comparison and interpretation to course concepts, theories, and scientific methods Section II Free Response Questions (FRQ)— 2 Questions | 50 Minutes | 33.3% of Exam Score Topics/themes addressed by these questions may include (but are not limited to) the following: • Analyze a unique scenario using concepts from different theoretical frameworks or subdomains in the field • Design, analyze, or critique a research study
SAMPLE “Free Response Question” (FRQ!) • From the 1998 Exam • Describe fully the distinctive emphasis of the cognitive approach to human behavior and mental processes. In your essay, be sure to specify how the cognitive approach differs from the following psychological approaches. • Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic • Behavioral • Biological
Intro to Psychology What is psychology? The history of psychology Types of psychologists
What is psychology? • Psychology is the scientific study of how we think, feel and behave. • The APA, the American Psychological Association is the largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology.
Prologue: Key ideas (note cards?) • What is psychology? • What is the APA? • What’s the difference btwn psychiatrist and psychologist? • What’s a forensic psychologist? A industrial/organizational psych? • What’s a counselor? • What is trephination? • Psychology came from what disciplines? • Who is William Wundt and structuralism? • Who is William James and functionalism? • What is the psychodynamic perspective of psychology? • Behavioral perspective of psych? • Cognitive perspective of pscyh? • Humanistic perspective of psych? • Sociocultural perspective of psych? • Evolutionary perspective of psych? • Biological/neuroscience perspective of psych? • 16 note cards
What is a clinical psychologist? • Clinical psychologists – work in clinics or hospitals or private practices treating mental disorders. They have a PhD.
School psychologists • Work for school districts to treat students for mild disorders like depression and grief. They have a PhD. (This is not the counselor that helps you with your schedule, etc. The district has a part-time school psychologist here at Sehome and she evaluates specific students for severe psych issues.)
What are counselors? • Treat mental disorders with “insight” therapy. They treat mental disorders without medicine. They have a PhD.
Counselors? • Do not really treat mental disorders. Need at least a Masters. Counselors use talk therapy for everyday problems like marital counseling, family counseling, career counseling, mild depression, grief counseling.
Psychiatrists (shrinks) • Psychiatrists are MDs (doctors) who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. They treat disorders with medicine and a little counseling.
Sports/performance psychologists • Work for major league sports teams to maximize performance and minimize performance anxiety.
Forensic psychologists • They testify in court to determine if a defendant is fit to stand trial. If a defendant is termed “insane” then no. • “sanity” is a legal term, not a psychological one. • They also study criminal behavior like serial killers
Industrial/organization psychologists • Work for large corporations to maximize employee output and profit. • Have similar duties to interior designers, architects. • They might work for human resources.
Review questions: • 1.Carlos just moved to Duncanville from a small town and his parents were just divorced. He’s been having a hard time with life. Carlos might see a • Psychiatrist • Clinical psychologist • Counselor • Moe Sizlak
2. Mr. Didden was hired by the TLC company to help them retain their employees without lowering the firm’s profits. After TLC removed cubicles and permitted employees to decorate their workroom as recommended by Mr. Didden, the absentee rate declined and no employees left for jobs elsewhere. Mr. Didden is most likely a) a forensic psychologist b) an industrial/organizational psychologist c) a counseling psychologist d) a clinical psychologist
3.A psychiatrist typically has a a) Doctorate in Psychology b) Medical Degree c) Doctorate in Physiology d) Doctorate in Education
4. In contrast to a clinical psychologist, a psychiatrist is more likely to a) engage in an eclectic b) use a biomedical treatment c) recognize the importance of group therapy with patients having the same disorder d) treat clients in community mental health centers exclusively
Major Perspectives of Psychology – a quick overview! Answers: C, B, B, B
Ancient Roots • Archaeologists have found evidence of trephination – Stone Age humans carving holes in the skull to release evil spirits.
The Greeks • Plato and Democritus theorized about the relationship between thought and behavior. …because of such thinkers, psychology touts a connection to philosophy as part of its foundation!
Phrenology • Old quacks used to predict personality based on the bumps on your head.
However, thinking about psychology is different than scientifically studying it.
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) • Founder of Structuralism – studied consciousness using the technique of introspection, studying your own thoughts • Psychology began in Germany. • But most is here in USA, today • First to do psych experiments in his own lab!
William James (functionalism) • This approach says our mind is a product of our environment • Influenced by Darwin • Influenced Behaviorists. • Consciousness cannot be studied.
Psychology’s Perspectives The Big Seven
Neuroscience Perspective • Biology explains everything!. If you could not remember the names of your parents and went to a psychologist who adheres to the neuroscience perspective, what might they say?
Evolutionary Perspective • Focuses on Darwinism. • We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. • Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors’ survival. • The Psychology of Selfies-just watch! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jC6mR7g7ES4 Looks like this parrot can read!
Psychodynamic Perspective • Fathered by Sigmund Freud. • Our behavior comes from unconscious drives. • Usually stemming from our childhood. What might a psychoanalyst say is the reason someone always needs to be chewing gum?
Behavioral Perspective • Focuses on our OBSERVABLE behaviors. • Focus on rewards and punishments. If you bit your fingernails when you were nervous, a behaviorist would not focus on calming you down, but rather focus on how to stop you from biting your nails.
Cognitive Perspective • Focuses on how we think (or encode information) • How do we see the world? • How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? • Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think.
Social-Cultural Perspective • Focus on how your culture affects your behavior. Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures.
Humanistic Perspective • Focuses on positive growth • Attempt to seek self-actualization (what are your hopes and dreams?) • 1960’s and 70’s…”progressive view” Mr. Rogers would have made a great Humanistic Therapist!!!
Psychology came from Neurology and philosophy This is a boring statement, but a typical test question! Next: 15 Q’s to assess understanding!
Write your answers on your PwPt notes 1. Wilhelm Wundt and the structuralists studied questions still asked today primarily by a) behavioral psychologists b) cognitive psychologists c) psychodynamic psychologists d) humanist psychologists
With which definition of psychology would John Watson and B. F. Skinner most agree? a) Psychology is the science of behavior. b) Psychology is the science of mental processes. c) Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. d) Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes specific to contexts.
3. The question “Is intelligence more influenced by heredity or experience?” deals with a big issue in psychology known as a) stability vs. change b) mind-body dualism c) rationality vs. irrationality d) nature vs. nurture
4. If Aristotle and Locke, who both believed that what we know is acquired from experience, were alive today, they would best agree with the a) behavioral approach b) psychoanalytic approach c) humanistic approach d) psychodynamic approach
5. Which psychological approach is most concerned with the importance of encoding, storage, and retrieving information a) information technology b) behavioral approach c) biological approach d) cognitive approach
6. The world’s largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology is the • a. World Psychology Organization • b. American Psychological Association • c. American Psychological Society • d. Psychologists of North America
A good definition of psychology is: a. the understanding of unconscious processes b. the study of the human mind c. the scientific study of human behaviors d. the exploration of personality traits e. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
8. Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current thinking about evolutionary psychology? a) It is a widely accepted approach to the study of human behavior. b) It is a simplistic rehash of ideas proposed by Charles Darwin over 140 years ago. c) It is a radical perspective supported by a small group of “revolutionary” scientists. d) It is a thought-provoking, innovative perspective that is rapidly gaining influence.
9. The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems is called a) developmental psychology b) abnormal psychology c) applied psychology d) cognitive psychology
Functionalism is the historical school of psychology that focused its attention on a. unconscious processes and their effect on behavior b. cognitive associations and how those impact learned actions c. the effect of relationships between parents and children on behavior d. the belief that mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function e. the individual structures that make up the mind and how each affects and determines behavior
11. William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was most heavily influenced by a) Charles Darwin b) Sigmund Freud c) John Watson d) B. F. Skinner
12. Historically, most of psychology’s research has been conducted in a) China b) Japan c) Mexico d) the United States
Wundt’s technique of reporting one’s conscious mental experiences is known as a. introspection b. structuralism c. functionalism d. psychodynamism e. humanism
14. According to behaivorists, behavior is governed primarily by a) heredity b) personal motives c) the environment d) unconscious desires
