第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）

1. 第四章：句子翻译技巧（上） • 教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。 • 教学内容： 1. 增译法 • 省译法 • 词类转换 • 正说反译、反说正译法 • 翻译练习

2. 教学要求 • 本讲通过大量的讨论、讲解，旨在帮助学生了解并熟悉词类转换法（Conversion）的翻译技巧；在此基础上了解英汉语常见的差异。 • 教学内容 转译为动词 转译为名词 转译为形容词 转译为副词

3. In terms of conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. As a matter of fact, conversion in the English language is very common. Let’s take the word “round” for example: • This is the first round. • There is a round table in the room. • Round the corner slowly. • He worked round the day.

4. So, conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages. Conversion occurs on many occasions. But the most commonly seen are as follow: 1. 转译成动词 英语和汉语相比较，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点。 往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如： He is a good eater and a good sleeper. (他能吃能睡。)仅这一个句子，就可领悟到英汉互译中词类转译的必要性。

5. A. 由动词的派生词名词（或含有动作意义的名词）转译为动词 2. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph. 无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。 3. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation. 读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。 4. A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here. 从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。

6. B. 英语中加后缀-er, -or 的名词，在句中有时并不表身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意义。 5. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker. 他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。 6. He was a regular visitor. 他经常来。 7. What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?) 你晕不晕船？

7. C. 前置词转换为动词 8. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啊!” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。 9. Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in. 琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来. 10. That day she was upbefore sunrise. 那天她在日出前就起来了.

8. 2. 转译成名词 A. Verbs-Nouns 英语中有许多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语的名词。如： 1. She behaves as if she were a child. 她的举止跟一个孩子一样。 2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。 3.It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. 它的主要特点是结构简单。

9. B. Adjectives-Nouns 一种情况，英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示一类的人，汉译时常译成名词（例1、2、3）。另外，有些英语中的形容词根据情况，也可译成名词。如例4： 1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 罗宾汉和他的同伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。

10. 3. Zhang San was eloquent and elegant—but soft. 张三有口才、有风度，但很软弱。 4. This problem is no less important than that one. 这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。 5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth. 玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。 no less than… “同 …一样”，“不亚于”

11. C. Adverbs—Nouns 1. It is editorially said that… 社论说…… 2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally. 他体力很强，可智力很弱。 3. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1. 图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。

12. 3. 转译成形容词 • A. Nouns—Adjectives • I can note the graceof her gesture. • 我可以看到她优雅的举止。 • 2. We have seen the beauty of Mt. Tai. • 我们看到了美丽的泰山。 • 3. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. • 独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。

13. B. Adverbs—Adjectives 4. The English language has changed subtly and pervasively. 英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。 5. She looked at me expectantly. 她用期待的眼光看着我。 6. Hopefully, it (the job) will be done early next month. 下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。

14. 7. 他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：“是的。” “Yes,” he said with a slow nod or two. 8. 他们热忱地欢迎他。 They give him a hearty welcome. 9. 他会立即答复。 He will give an immediate reply. 汉译英中副词转为形容词，常常是与动词转译为名词关联着的。动词转译为名词，这原文中修饰动词的副词也自然地要转译为形容词，以修饰名词。例如第7、8、 9、等。

15. 4. 转译成副词 A. Nouns—Adverbs 1. The man nodded with satisfaction. 那人满意地点了点头。 2. He had the honor to attend the congress. 他荣幸地出席了代表大会。

16. B. Adjectives—Adverbs 3. He had a careful study of the map before he started off. 他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。 4. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？ 解说：很简单，由于英语中带有动作意味的名词汉译为动词，因而原文修饰名词的形容词也业相应地汉译为副词，以便修饰动词。

17. He is physically weak but mentally sound. （adv.—n.） • They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. (adv.—n.) • I have the honour to inform you that… (n.—adv.) • He had the kindness to show me the way. ( n.—adv.) • I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries (中间人). (n.—adj.) • 他们怀疑这是否是真的。(v—adj.) • 我打开窗子，让新鲜空气进来。(v.—adv.) • 你拨错了电话号码。(adv.—adj.) [Version]

18. 他体力很弱，可智力很强。 • 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。 • 我荣幸地通知你。 • 他好意地给我指路。 • 我认识到，通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。 • They are doubtful whether it is true or not. • I opened the window to let the fresh air in. • You dialed the wrong number. [Original]