1.1 Observing Living Things

1. 1.1 Observing Living Things • Living things can survive in almost any kind of environment. • Living things have features that help them survive. • For example,hummingbirdscan beat their wings up to80 times per second, allowingthem to hover and changedirection rapidly. • All living things have needs thatmust be met if they are to survive. See pages 8 - 9 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

2. Characteristics of Living Things • There are 5 characteristics of living things: • Living things respond to their environment • Living things need energy • Living things grow • Living things reproduce • Living things must get ridof waste See page 10 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

3. Examining Very Small Living Things • The microscope is used by scientists to observe very small unicellular and multicellular living things. • Early microscopes were built in the late 1600’s. • Anton van Leeuwenhoek was oneof the first people to build amicroscope. • He could magnify up to 250x, andused it to observe microscopicliving things. See page 11 Water flea (Daphnia) (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

4. Compound Light Microscope • The compound light microscope hastwo sets of lenses that magnify an image. • Each of the objective lenses has adifferent magnification power. • Low power = 4x objective • Med power = 10x objective • High power = 40x objective • Multiply the objective by theeyepiece for total magnification. • Example: High Power = 40 x 10 = 400 x Do you know all the compound microscope parts? See pages 12-13 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

5. Resolving Power • The ability to distinguish between two dots or objects that are very close together is called resolving power. • The human eye has a certain resolving power. You can see the individual dots in diagrams A, B and C. The human eye does not have the resolving power to see the dots in diagram D. Can you think of ways to increase resolving power? See page 14 Take the Section 1.1 Quiz (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

6. 1.2 Cells • An analogy is a way to understand new ideas by making a comparison. • A factory can be used as an analogy for the cell. • Parts of the cell that allow the cell to survive are called organelles. • Organelles take up about 5 to 30 percent of the cell. The rest of the cell consists of water. How is the Newo colony similar to a factory? See pages 22 - 24 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

7. The Functions of Cell Organelles • The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates the movement of particles in and out of the cell. • Cytoplasm, the jelly-like substance within the cell, contains organelles, water, and other life supporting materials. • The nucleus: • controls all the activities within the cell. • contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). See page 25 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

8. Energy in the Cell • The mitochondria are the organelles that produce energy in the cell. • When the cell changes chemical energy, in the food we eat, to energy the cell can use, it is called cellular respiration. • The total of all the chemical reactions that take place in our cells is called our metabolism. See page 26 Cellular Respiration (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

9. Organelles for Assembly, Transport, and Storage • Proteins are essential for all life and are assembled by the ribosomes. • Proteins then pass through the endoplasmic reticulum and are placed in vesicles by the Golgi body. • Vacuoles are temporary storage compartments. • Lysosomes break down food particles, cell wastes, and worn-out organelles. See pages 28-29 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

10. The Difference Between Plant and Animal Cells • Plant cells have two parts that are not found in animal cells: • Cell Wall • protects the cell and gives cell shape • Chloroplasts • change the Sun’s energy into chemical energy Locate the cell wall and chloroplast See pages 29-30 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Photosynthesis

11. Cell Theory • The cell is the basic unit of life. • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • All cells come from other living cells. See pages 31-32 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

12. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cells are classified into two groups: Prokaryotic cells have organelles that are not surrounded by membranes. Eukaryotic cells have organelles that are surrounded by membranes. Eukaryotic cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells. See page 32 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

13. Bacteria and Viruses Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. • Some bacteria cause diseases such as: tuberculosis and strip throat. • Helpful bacteria are used to make food such as: cheese and yogurt. • Bacteria are often grouped by the shape of their cells. Viruses are not living. • HIV, chicken pox, and the flu are examples of viruses. • Viruses do not contain any cell organelles but reproduce by using a host cell. See pages 33 - 34 Take the Section 1.2 Quiz (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

14. 1.2 Cells • An analogy is a way to understand new ideas by making a comparison. • A factory can be used as an analogy for the cell. • Parts of the cell that allow the cell to survive are called organelles. • Organelles take up about 5 to 30 percent of the cell. The rest of the cell consists of water. How is the Newo colony similar to a factory? See pages 22 - 24 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

15. The Functions of Cell Organelles • The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates the movement of particles in and out of the cell. • Cytoplasm, the jelly-like substance within the cell, contains organelles, water, and other life supporting materials. • The nucleus: • controls all the activities within the cell. • contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). See page 25 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

16. Energy in the Cell • The mitochondria are the organelles that produce energy in the cell. • When the cell changes chemical energy, in the food we eat, to energy the cell can use, it is called cellular respiration. • The total of all the chemical reactions that take place in our cells is called our metabolism. See page 26 Cellular Respiration (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

17. Organelles for Assembly, Transport, and Storage • Proteins are essential for all life and are assembled by the ribosomes. • Proteins then pass through the endoplasmic reticulum and are placed in vesicles by the Golgi body. • Vacuoles are temporary storage compartments. • Lysosomes break down food particles, cell wastes, and worn-out organelles. See pages 28-29 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

18. The Difference Between Plant and Animal Cells • Plant cells have two parts that are not found in animal cells: • Cell Wall • protects the cell and gives cell shape • Chloroplasts • change the Sun’s energy into chemical energy Locate the cell wall and chloroplast See pages 29-30 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Photosynthesis

19. Cell Theory • The cell is the basic unit of life. • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • All cells come from other living cells. See pages 31-32 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

20. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cells are classified into two groups: Prokaryotic cells have organelles that are not surrounded by membranes. Eukaryotic cells have organelles that are surrounded by membranes. Eukaryotic cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells. See page 32 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

21. Bacteria and Viruses Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. • Some bacteria cause diseases such as: tuberculosis and strip throat. • Helpful bacteria are used to make food such as: cheese and yogurt. • Bacteria are often grouped by the shape of their cells. Viruses are not living. • HIV, chicken pox, and the flu are examples of viruses. • Viruses do not contain any cell organelles but reproduce by using a host cell. See pages 33 - 34 Take the Section 1.2 Quiz (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

22. 2.1 Body Systems • A system is made of parts that work together as a whole. • The Characteristics of Systems • 1. A system is made of individual parts that work together as a whole. • 2. A system is usually connected to one or more systems. • 3. If one part of a system is missing or damaged, the system will not function well or may not function at all. A stereo system has many parts that work together. See pages 54 - 55 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

23. Systems of the Human Body Eleven systems of the human body • Circulatory System • Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes • Digestive System • Breaks down food and absorbs the nutrients • Respiratory System • Exchanges gases in lungs and tissues • Excretory System • Removes liquid and gas wastes from the body • Immune System • Defends body against infections • Endocrine System • Manufactures and releases hormones See pages 56 - 57 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

24. Systems of the Human Body More Systems… • Reproductive System • Includes reproductive organs for producing offspring • Integumentary System • Creates a waterproof barrier around the body • Skeletal System • Supports, protects, and works with muscles to move parts of the body • Muscular System • Has muscles that work with the bones to move parts of the body • Nervous System • Detects changes in the environment and signals the body to carry out a response See pages 56 - 57 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

25. Organ Systems • An organ system has one or more organs that perform specific body functions. • For example your heart is part of the circulatory system. • The four levels of organization within the human body are: cell tissue organ organ system See page 58 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

26. Tissues: The Foundation of Body Systems • Tissue is a group of cells that have the same structure and function. • Four types of body tissue: • Muscle tissue • Assists in body movement • Nerve tissue • Transfers signals to and from brain • Connective tissue • Holds together and supports other tissue • Epithelial tissue • Covers the surface of organs and body See pages 58 -59 Take the Section 2.1 Quiz (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

27. 2.2 The Digestive and Excretory Systems • Nutrients are substances the body requires for energy, growth, development, repair, or maintenance. • We get nutrients from what we eat and drink. • Four Food Groups • Grain products • Vegetables and fruit • Milk products • Meat and alternatives See pages 64 - 65 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

28. Types of Nutrients • Carbohydrates • The bodies quickest source of energy • Examples include: rice, vegetables, cereal, and bread • Proteins • Used to build parts of your bodies muscles, skin, hair, and nails • Examples include: fish, meat, eggs, nuts, soy products See pages 66 - 69 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

29. Types of Nutrients • Fats • Used to build cell membranes and can be stored for future energy. • Examples include: butter, vegetable oil, and meat • Minerals and Vitamins • Needed in small amounts to perform various body functions • Two common minerals and vitamins are calcium and vitamin D Water is not a nutrient but is necessary for life! See pages 66 - 69 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

30. The Four Stages of Digestion • The process in which food is broken down, nutrients are absorbed, and wastes eliminated is called digestion and occurs in the digestive system. • The fours stages of digestion are: • Ingesting • Digesting • Absorbing • Eliminating See page 70 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

31. Stage 1: Ingesting • Ingesting, or ingestion, means to bring food into the body. This is the starting point of the digestive process. See page 71 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

32. Stage 2: Digesting The Mouth • Mechanical digestion occurs when your teeth and tongue break food into small enough pieces to swallow. • Each small piece of food is called bolus. • Chemical digestion occurs when saliva begins to break down the bolus. • An enzyme in your saliva begins to break down simple and complex carbohydrates. See page 71 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

33. Stage 2: Digesting The Esophagus • When you swallow, your food enters the esophagus. • The esophagus is a long muscular tube that carries food to your stomach. • The bolus is pushed through the esophagus in a process called peristalsis. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 See page 72

34. Stage 2: Digesting The Stomach • Inside the stomach is gastric juice, which is very acidic. • The stomach walls are lined with mucus to protect the tissue from being damaged by the acid. • An enzyme called pepsin, present in gastric juice, breaks down protein. • The bolus that enters your stomach breaks down into a liquid called chyme. See page 73 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

35. Stage 2: Digesting The Small Intestine • The first metre of the small intestine is called the duodenum. • The pancreas adds enzymes that help break down the carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the chyme. • The liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder. • Bile breaks the globs of fat into smaller droplets. See page 74 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

36. Stage 3: Absorbing The Small and Large Intestine • Absorption is the process in which nutrients and water are absorbed by the small and large intestine. • The small intestine is covered with villi to help increase the rate at which nutrients are absorbed. • The large intestine absorbs water and some minerals. See page 75 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

37. Stage 4: Eliminating • Any solid material, undigested by the end of the large intestine is called feces. • Feces are stored in the rectum until they are eliminated through the anus. • Liquid and gas wastes are removed by your excretory system. • The main organs in your excretory system are your kidneys and your bladder. See page 76 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

38. Eating Disorders • Anorexia nervosa is a disorder when a person severely restricts what they eat. • Bulimia nervosa is a disorder when a person eats large amounts of food and then vomits or takes laxatives to get rid of the food before it is completely digested. See page 77 Take the Section 2.2 Quiz (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

39. 2.3 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems • The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. • Your heart is a pump that pushes approximately 4 L of blood through your body every minute. • The main purpose of the respiratory system is to exchange gases. • The main organ of the respiratory system are the lungs. See pages 82 - 83 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

40. Taking a Closer Look at the Heart • The heart pumps blood throughout the body. • The heart has four chambers: • Left atrium • Blood arrives from your lungs • Right atrium • Blood arrives from your body • Left ventricle • Pumps blood to your body • Right ventricle • Pumps blood to your lungs • Between each of these chambers is a valve. See page 84 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

41. The Circulatory System • The circulatory system moves blood throughout the body. • There are three types of blood vessels: • Arteries • Carry oxygenated blood away from your heart • Capillaries are tiny blood vessels • Responsible for transfer of oxygen and nutrients into the body cells and collecting wastefrom the cells. • Veins • Blood containing wasteproducts returning to the heart. See pages 85 - 86 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

42. The Circulatory System • Starting with the right atrium, try placing the following structures in the correct order that blood flows through the body. • Left ventricle Body • Right atrium Left atrium • Lungs Right ventricle See pages 87 - 88 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

43. The Components of Blood • About 55% of blood is a liquid called plasma. • Contains proteins, minerals, and other substances. • Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells. • White blood cells fight infection. • Platelets are important for clotting blood. See pages 88 -89 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

44. The Respiratory System • The respiratory system moves oxygen into your body and carbon dioxide out of your body. • When you inhale, air is filtered by tiny hairs called cilia. • Air passes through your larynx and continues down your trachea towards your lungs. • At the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi. • Bronchi branch into smaller air tubes called bronchioles. See page 90 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

45. Gas Exchange in the Alveoli • There are millions of alveoli at the ends of the bronchioles, and this is where gas exchange takes place. • Oxygen and carbon dioxide move back and forth between the alveoli and the surrounding blood vessels. See page 91 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

46. Smoking • Smoking may cause both respiratory disease and heart disease. • Respiratory diseases could include emphysema and lung cancer. • Emphysema causes the alveoli walls to lose their elasticity. This may make breathing very difficult. • Smoking also destroys the cilia lining your respiratory system. Take the Section 2.3 Quiz See page 92 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

47. 3.1 The Immune System • Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. • Pathogens are “germs” or disease-causing invaders that enter the body. • The immune system attacks and destroys these disease-causing invaders. See pages 100 - 101 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

48. First Line of Immune Defense There are two lines of immune defense. First line of Defense • The skin is a physical barrier that stops most pathogens from entering the body. • The sweat and oils on skin are slightly acidic. • Gastric juices in your stomach can destroy some pathogens. • Mucus and cilia in your nose prevent pathogens from entering your respiratory system. Mucus cells See page 102 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

49. Second Line of Immune Defense If a pathogen makes it past the first line of defense. Second line of Defense • The second line of defense includes two types of immune response: • Innate Immune Response • A response you are born with. • Acquired Immune Response • A highly specific attack on a pathogen. See page 102 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

50. Innate Immune Response • The response is quick and general, or non-specific. • Response is the same for any type of invader. • First action is a flow of fluid into site of infection. • Causes fever, swelling, and redness in area. • The swelling and redness is called inflammation. • Increase in the types of white blood cells called phagocytes. • Phagocytes destroy pathogens. Inflammation of an infected toe. See page 103 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007