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Learning

Learning. Fall 2011. Classical Conditioning. Learning. A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes because of practice or experience. Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleK-PM http://vimeo.com/6217895. Operant Conditioning.

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Learning

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  1. Learning Fall 2011

  2. Classical Conditioning

  3. Learning • A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes because of practice or experience.

  4. Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleK-PM • http://vimeo.com/6217895

  5. Operant Conditioning

  6. Operant Conditioning: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4

  7. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Punishment A consequence that weakens a response and makes it less likely to occur. • A consequence that strengthens a response and makes it more likely to occur.

  8. Operant Conditioning • Law of Effect- Edward Thorndike’s rule that the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence.

  9. Reinforcement • Primary reinforcers • Food, water, sex • Secondary reinforcers • Money, praise, attention • Positive reinforcement • Adds to (+) and strengthens behavior • Negative reinforcement • Takes away (-) and strengthens behavior

  10. Reinforcement • Premack Principle- tying your less-desirable, low-frequency activities (paying bills), to your high-frequency behavior (going to the movies)

  11. Shaping • Reinforcement by a series of successively improved steps leading to desired response • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbWnJeTJCys • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6A-hADCTHqM

  12. Punishment Positive punishment adds stimulus (+) and weakens the behavior Negative punishment takes a stimulus away (-) ad weakens the behavior Excluded from gym Removing cell phone Reduced expense account • Running extra laps in gym class • Chores • Complaining boss

  13. The Skinner Box Application • Stimulus is added and response rate increases • Stimuluis is added and response rate decreases • Stimulus is taken away and response rate increases • Stimulus is taken away and response rate decreases

  14. Side Effects of Punishment • Passive aggressiveness • Avoidance behavior • Modeling • Learned helplessness • Temporary suppression • Increased aggression

  15. Cognitive-Social Learning

  16. Cognitive-Social Theory • A perspective that emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior. • Rather than relying on S-R, this theory emphasizes the interpretation or thinking that occurs within the organism with S-O-R (stimulus-organism-response) • Organism = attitudes, beliefs, expectation, motivations, and emotions that affect learning.

  17. Insight • Wolfgang Kohler’s chimps • Insight- sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution • Sultan and insight learning • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPz6uvIbWZE&feature=related

  18. Cognitive Maps • Edward Tolman believed researchers underestimated animal’s cognitive processes and cognitive learning. • Cognitive maps or mental representations of their environment. • Latent learning

  19. Observational Learning • Learning new behavior or information by watching others (also known as social learning or modeling) • Albert Bandura • Bobo doll • Four processes: • Attention • Retention • Reproduction • Reinforcement

  20. Observational Learning • Bobo Doll • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCETgT_Xfzg • Learning Through Imitation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG-_KsDYTA&feature=related

  21. Biology of Learning • Learning creates new synaptic connections and alterations in our brain • Stimulating environments enhance neurological functioning in rats and humans

  22. Mirror Neurons • Neurons help us identify with what others are feeling and to imitate their actions. • First discovered by neuroscientists studying monkeys • Think of sports spectators, babies • Thought to be linked to autism and schizophrenia • http://www.ted.com/talks/vs_ramachandran_the_neurons_that_shaped_civilization.html

  23. Evolution and Learning • Learning is an adaptation that enables organisms to survive and prosper in a constantly changing world. • Taste aversion- foods and drinks become conditioned stimuli

  24. Evolution and Learning • Biological preparedness- built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (i.e., snakes, darkness, spiders, heights). • Instinctive drift- the tendency of some conditioned responses to shift or drift back toward innate response pattern.

  25. Conditioning and Learning in Everyday Life

  26. Classical Conditioning in Everyday • Kenneth and Mamie Clark experiment with dolls • Children learned to associate inferior qualities with darker skin and v.v. • Advertising • Medicine

  27. Operant Conditioning in Everyday • Generalizations- one bad experience with a member of a group leads to prejudice. • Biofeedback- feedback positively reinforces the practice of coping. Gives a sense of control.

  28. Cognitive-Social Learning in Everyday • Modeling/Social Learning • Example: Video games and aggression

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