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Lesson # 12

The Respiratory System. Lesson # 12. Chapter 23. Objectives:. 1- To explain the general functions of the respiratory system. 2- List the anatomical and functional divisions of the respiratory system. 3 - To describe the structure and functions of each organ of the respiratory system.

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Lesson # 12

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  1. The Respiratory System Lesson # 12 Chapter 23 Objectives: 1- To explain the general functions of the respiratory system.2- List the anatomical and functional divisions of the respiratory system. 3- To describe the structure and functions of each organ of the respiratory system. 4- To describe the respiratory membrane.

  2. Functions of the Respiratory System • 1- It provides an extensive surface for gas exchange between the air and the circulating blood. • 2- It moves air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs along the respiratory conducting system. • 3- It protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration, tem-perature changes, or other variations of the outside environment. • 4- It protects the respiratory tissues and other tissues from invasion of pathogens. • 5- It produces sounds involve in speaking, singing, and other vocalizations (laughing, crying). • 6- It facilitates the olfactory sense by olfactory receptors in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

  3. - Nose - Nasal cavity 1-Upper Respiratory System - Paranasal sinuses - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea 2- LowerRespiratory System - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli of the lungs Organization of the Respiratory System Respiratory System

  4. Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Right lung Left lung

  5. 1-Conductingdivision 2- Respiratory division Physiological Division of the Respiratory System - Nose - Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Larynx It moves air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs. - Trachea - Bronchi Respiratory System - Bronchioles - Terminal bronchioles - Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - Alveoli It is involved in gas exchange.

  6. The Respiratory Mucosa • It consists of : Ciliated pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, ciliated simple columnar, simple cuboidal, and simple squamous) • An epithelium • A layer of areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria A ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines the nasal cavity and most of the conducting system. It is called “respiratory epithelium”. Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (respiratory epithelium): Stem cell Goblet cell Ciliated columnar epithelial cell Mucus layer Lamina propria Epithelium

  7. The Respiratory Defense System 1- Filtration in nasal cavity 2- Tonsils in pharynx 3- The Mucus Escalator 4- Alveolar macrophages 1- Mucus escalator: It is a mechanism that moves the mucus with debris and pathogens to the pharynx to be swallowed. To the pharynx to be swallowed Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: Goblet cell Ciliated columnar epithelial cell Mucus layer Mucous gland

  8. Upper Respiratory System The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses 1- The Nose Function: It provides an airway for respiration

  9. Upper Respiratory System Frontal Nasal bones Superior Middle Inferior Maxilla Palatine bone Soft palate Uvula 2- The Nasal Cavity Functions: 1- It moistens, warms, filters, and cleanses the air 2- It provides a resonating chamber for speech 3- It houses the olfactory receptors Nasal conchae Ethmoid Meatuses Superior Middle Inferior Bony or hard palate

  10. Upper Respiratory System Nasal Septum: Vomer Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha It divides the nasal cavity in to nasal fossae Septal cartilage

  11. Upper Respiratory System 3- The Paranasal Sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Ethmoidal sinuses Functions: 1- Lighten the skull 2-Warm and moisten the air 3- Resonance chamber for speech Frontal sinuses Maxillary sinuses

  12. Upper Respiratory System Pharyngeal tonsil Eustachian or auditory tube Soft palate Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Uvula Glottis The Pharynx Functions: Air and food passageway Nasopharynx (air passageway) Oropharynx (food and air passageway) Laryngopharynx (food and air passageway)

  13. Posterior nasal aperture Functions: Air and food passageway Pharynx: Nasopharynx It is a passageway for air It is lined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium Oropharynx Laryngopharynx It is a passageway for air, food and drink It is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium It is a passageway for air, food and drink Esophagus It is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium Larynx Trachea

  14. Lower Respiratory System Larynx The Larynx Functions: - It acts as a switching mechanism to direct air and food to proper duct - It contains the vocal cords that are necessary for voice production Air Food & drink

  15. Lower Respiratory System Epiglottis Epiglottis Corniculate cartilages Cuneiform cartilage Arytenoids cartilages Posterior view Lateral view Anterior view Cartilages and Ligaments of Larynx Hyoid bone It closes the glottis during swallowing, preventing the entry of food into the respiratory tract. Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea

  16. Lower Respiratory System Vestibular ligaments or false vocal cords Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Vocal ligaments or true vocal cords Vocal Ligaments They help prevent any object from going into the glottis, and protect the vocal folds. They vibrate producing sound when air rushed up from the lungs.

  17. The Trachea The trachea (windpipe) is a rigid tube about 12 cm (4.5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter. • It is found anterior to the esophagus and it is supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, which reinforces the trachea and keeps it from collapsing when you inhale. Trachea Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblets cells.

  18. Lower Respiratory System Function: It is an air passageway and cleanses the air.

  19. Lobes and Surfaces of the Lungs Lungs are conical organs with a broad, concave base, resting on the diaphragm, and a blunt peak called the apex projecting slightly above the clavicle. Apex of lung Superior lobe Costal surface Superior lobe Horizontal fissure Middle lobe Mediastinal surface Inferior lobe Oblique fissure Oblique fissure Inferior lobe Diaphragmatic surface Base of lung

  20. Lower Respiratory System Right lung Left lung Lungs Horizontal fissure Superior lobe Superior lobe Middle lobe Lobes Inferior lobe Inferior lobe Oblique fissure Segments Superior lobe Superior lobe Hilum Lobules Middle lobe Inferior lobe Inferior lobe Alveoli

  21. The Bronchi All bronchi are lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Thyroid cartilage Larynx • The lamina propria has an abundance of mucous glands and lymphocyte nodules (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, BALT) positioned to intercept inhaled pathogens Cricoid cartilage Trachea Carina Main bronchi Superior lobar bronchus Superior lobar bronchus Middle lobar bronchus Inferior lobar bronchus Inferior lobar bronchus Segmental bronchi Segmental bronchi (8 on left) (10 on right) Bronchopulmonary segment: It is a functionally independent unit of the lung tissue

  22. Left Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles The Bronchioles Nasal cavity Pharynx (lung) Larynx Trachea Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchi (lobes) Tertiary Bronchi (segments) Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles (They lack of cartilage and are dominated by smooth muscle tissue) Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar ducts (lobules) Alveoli

  23. Lower Respiratory System Pulmonary Lobules Terminal bronchioles Bronchiole (to lobules) Respiratory bronchiole (to alveolar sac) Alveolar duct (to alveolus) Alveolar sac Alveolus PULMONARY LOBULE

  24. Lower Respiratory System

  25. Lower Respiratory System Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli Fluid with surfactant Squamous epithelial cell (pneumocyte type I) Respiratory membrane • They secrete pulmonary surfactant. Septal cell (pneumocyte Type II) Capillary endothelial cell • They are phagocytic cells that engulf invaders and activate the immune system. Alveolar macrophage

  26. The Respiratory Membrane Squamous epithelial cell (pneumocyte type I) O2 O2 O2 Respiratory membrane Fused basal lamina Capillary endothelial cell CO2 CO2 CO2

  27. Lower Respiratory System Respiratory Membrane

  28. Epithelium Type Changes in the Respiratory System Nasal cavity Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Nasopharynx Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Oropharynx Stratified squamous epithelium Laringopharynx Stratified squamous epithelium Larynx (superior part) Stratified squamous epithelium Larynx (inferior part) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Trachea Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Bronchi Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Bronchioles Ciliated simple columnar epithelium Terminal bronchioles Simple cuboidal epithelium Alveoli Simple squamous epithelium (with 5% of round or cuboidal cells (type II alveolar cells)

  29. Lower Respiratory System The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes

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