UNEP/MAP

1. UNEP/MAP The NAP process General aspects Strengths and weaknesses Michael O. Angelidis Mediterranean Multi-Stakeholder Forum on “The protection of the Mediterranean Sea from land-based pollution: prospects and partnerships” Athens 10-11 October 2005

2. METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE NAP (1) • The general idea was to formulate Action Plans for each administrative region, targeting on the reduction/phasing out of specific pollutants. • Gathering of relevant information on the actual pollution problems using the National Diagnostic Analysis (NDA) and the Baseline Budget (BB) Reports, on administrative region level • Assessment of the importance of pollution sources using an issue/impact matrix and identification of the Priority Issues • Preparation of Sectoral Plans on administrative region and national level including proposals to reduce pollutants’ emissions • Evaluation of the funds availability and preparation of National Action Plans setting final Priority Actions to reduce pollutant’s releases according to SAP targets

3. Bottom up approach for the formulation of the SAP/NAP ADMINISTRATIVE REGION(S) PLAN SECTORAL NATIONAL PLANS 1 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN 2 SET UP THE LIST OF PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR 2010

4. 1. Preparation of NDA and BB (i) As a result of the preparation of the NDA and Baseline Budget the countries have succeeded to: • identify the nature and severity of problems; • identify the contaminants; • identify the physical alterations and degradation • of habitats; • identify the sources of degradation; • identify the areas (spatial) of concern.

5. Preparation of BB Budget baseline for the emissions of pollutants in the year 2003 were prepared for all Mediterranean countries. • Countries that had emission data from monitoring programs or other sources, used this information to prepare their BB Report • Countries that lacked analytical data, estimated emissions with a software prepared by UNEP/MAP, which used emission factors (EF). production (in tones/year) X EF (in Kg of pollutant Y per t of product) = = Kg of pollutant/year

6. Preparation of NDA and BB (ii) During 2002: • 5 sub-Regional Meetings were organized to explain the methodology for NDA and BB preparation to National Experts During 2003 and 2004 • All Mediterranean countries prepared NDAs and BBs

7. Which pollution sources were included in the National List of Priority Issues? • Industries which comply with National or/and international standards for the release of pollutants are included in the BB calculation but not included in the year 2010 reduction plan • Industries which do not comply with National or/and international standards for the release of pollutants are included in the BB calculation and also included in the year 2010 reduction plan

8. Flow diagram for setting priority actions NDA for a SAP target Y 1 3 Identification of different sources of Y Logical analysis of each source of Y 4 2 YES Are releases in compliance with Standards? Source included in the BB Not included in the year 2010 plan 6 NO NDA: National Diagnostic Analysis, SAP: Strategic Action Programme NAP: National Action Plan, BB: Baseline Budget, Y: Specific pollutant Source included in the BB Included in the year 2010 plan 5

9. 1 2 3 4 5 Issues Indicator of magnitude Impacts Root causes Possible solutions Human Health Marine Environment Socio – Economic Loss Global Environment 2. Issue/Impact Matrix (i) • Issue/Impact Matrix was used to scale/score the environmental issues according to their social/economic and environmental priorities

10. Issue/Impact Matrix (ii) • Step-1- Indicate the issue and identify the site • Step-2- Give data or trends as appropriate • Step-3- Score the impacts as follows: 1-no known impact 2-slight impact 3-moderate impact 4-severe impact • Step-4- Indicate the root causes of the issue • Step-5- Indicate legal, institutional and technical possible solution • Step-6- Indicate the weight of the individual impact from a total weight of 4. The weight should reflect the importance of the impact in the national policies • Step-7- Multiply the score by the weight.

11. Issue/Impact Matrix (iii) The weight of individual impact is as follows: • 4 public health • 3 marine environment • 2 socio-economic • 1 global environment Example: The SAP team scored the impacts of issue X as follows • 3 public health (moderate impact) • 1 marine environment (not known impact) • 2 socio-economic (slight impact) • 1 global environment (not known impact) The final scale of the impacts for issue X is as follows : • 4 x 3 = 12 public health • 3 x 1 = 3 marine environment • 2 x 2 = 4 socio economic • 1 x 1 = 1 global environment 20 Total score

12. Example

13. Issue/Impact Matrix (iv) The overall purpose of the matrix was to make a preliminary assessment of the relative importance of the different impacts on the coastal areas including marine environment. This information is needed to help selecting the priority issues at national and administrative regions level for the final preparation of the NAP. The scoring and scaling of issues was based on existing data, the NDA and BB Reports, as well as the perception of local stakeholders. For that purpose stakeholders meetings were organized on local /national level to discuss the issue and to prepare the Issue/Impact matrix.

14. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of Issue/Impact matrix (1) The involvement of stakeholders in the preparation of Issue / Impact matrix and prioritization of actions was not similar in all countries. The following patterns were followed: • Local meetings with the participation of a wide range of stakeholders (government, local authorities, industrial / commercial representatives, academics, NGOs) (in most cases) During these meetings the discussion was some times passionate and disagreements were expressed. However, the civil society participated actively in the prioritization of issues and commitments were made for supporting the implementation of future actions. Also the stakeholders expressed their support to the authorities in their effort to meet the SAP targets.

16. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of Issue/Impact matrix (2) • Local meetings with the participation of a restricted range of stakeholders (mainly government and local authorities) During the meetings the discussion was good and actions prioritization was professionally prepared. However, it was recognized that the lack of inputs from other stakeholders may create problems during the implementation phase of the NAP. This possible shortcoming was identified during the meetings and it was decided to involve all concerned parties in the next phase of the SAP (implementation of NAPs).

17. 3. Setup of Sectoral Plans (i) Sectoral Plans are expected to analyze the existing situation, as well as to propose solutions in 7 sectors. • Sewage management • Urban solid waste • Air pollution • Pollution caused by Hg, Cd and Pb • Organohalogens:halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated phenolic compounds, organohalogenated pesticides • Wastewater and solid waste from industrial installations • Lubricating oil, hazardous chemicals and obsolete chemicals stockpiles

18. Setup of Sectoral Plans (ii) Also in sectoral plans have to be included reports on the following activities: • Updating and adopting of national regulations on sewage discharges to the sea and rivers • Establishment of a system of previous authorization by competent national authorities for works which cause physical alterations on the natural state of the coastline or the degradation of coastal habitats • Phasing out of the use of the nine pesticides, except for those for which WHO recommendations related to the safeguarding of human life suggest otherwise • Prohibition of the manufacture, trade and new uses of PCBs

19. BB NDA Sectoral Plans preparation - SOURCES -QUANTITIES SAP Target: X% reduction 7 SECTORS 4 ACTIONS Calculate the final load X% reduction achieved according to the SAP targets Describe how to reduce by X% the emission load from the different industries

20. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of Sectoral Plans (i) • In most cases sewage and solid waste sectors were adequately presented. Information was provided on population, the existence/operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP), sewerage network connections, final disposal mode, existence/operation of sanitary landfills or simple solid waste dumps, etc. Also technical proposals for the improvement of the situation were usually presented.

21. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of Sectoral Plans (ii) The Industrial Sector in some SP Reports was not presented in details • In some countries information was presented only for few, public owned, sub-sectors (such as energy production, petroleum refining or cement production), while little data were available for private industrial plants • Pollutants’ reduction from private industrial sources was expected to be achieved mainly through the implementation of existing or planned legislation on industrial emission standards. • In some cases, because of the important size of the industrial sector in the country, information and solutions were presented on sub-sectoral level (i.e. textiles, food, etc.) and not on specific industrial plants. Commitments for the reduction of pollutant’s emission were also based on legislation enforcement and the introduction of cleaner technologies in the sub-sectors.

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23. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of Sectoral Plans (iii) Heavy metals Sector was often presented with limited detail because no data were available • In most Sectoral Plans Reports heavy metals were discussed in relation to the industrial sector. Technical solutions proposed were usually related to the future use of cleaner technologies and advanced treatment of industrial effluents (air or liquid). In most cases the success of pollution reduction depends on the successful enforcement of the emission limits legislation of the country.

24. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of Sectoral Plans (iv) POPs sector was presented in relation to pesticides (most of which are already banned from all countries), dioxins emissions (uncontrolled in most countries) and PCBs (in relation to Electricity Companies and Industries that use transformers and capacitors) • All countries have banned these compounds. • In some countries no reliable quantitative data were available on the amounts of these substances used or stocked, although many countries presented very detailed inventories. • Pesticides and PCBs control was in most cases well developed. • Dioxins control was not developed in most cases, because of the technical difficulties to measure and control the compounds.

25. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of Sectoral Plans (v) The sectors of lubricating oil, batteries and obsolete chemical stockpiles, were not presented in detail in all countries • Lubricating oil management is missing in some countries, although there are many successful plans in the Mediterranean region. • Lead batteries are generally recycled in most countries, but the operation is not always under legislative control. On the other hand, other batteries (Cd, Ni) are often not controlled and end up in solid waste dumps. • Obsolete chemicals stockpiles (mainly outdated or banned pesticides) were recorded in all countries, although the inventory was not always considered as complete. It was recognized that more concrete plans are needed to dispose safely these stockpiles.

26. Sectoral Plans Conclusions • All Mediterranean countries have already prepared Sectoral Plans Reports, which have been evaluated (2005) • Regardless of some weaknesses, caused by the lack of available adequate information, Sectoral Plans present the existing situation of the SAP sectors in a satisfactory manner. • Sectoral Plans are an organized inventory of environmental problems, as well as a list of proposed solutions for the major land-based pollution sources in the Mediterranean Basin. This is the first time that such information is made available on Mediterranean scale. • Sectoral Plans were used as basis for the preparation of National Action Plans for all Mediterranean countries

27. 4. Setup of National Action Plans (i) National authorities with the assistance of experts and in consultation with UNEP/MAP, prepared in 2005 National Action Plans, according to UNEP/MAP Guidelines. All Mediterranean countries have submitted such Plans. • National Action Plans were developed as a result of the NDA, BB the country’s Sectoral Plans and the already existing National Environmental Action Plans or relative National Commitments. • National Action Plans were prepared taking into consideration • The availability of funds • The SAP targets for pollutants reduction until 2010

28. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN PREPARATIONOUTLINE SECTORAL PLANS Administrative region 1 COMPARISON WITH ONGOING NATIONAL PLANS SECTORAL PLANS AT NATIONAL LEVEL SECTORAL PLANS Administrative region 2 PRIORITY LISTS GOALS AND MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES (Economic instruments) EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS (Public Participation) PROGRAMME SUPPORT ELEMENTS (Monitoring) COST ESTIMATE ECONOMIC PRIORITIZATION REVISED LIST OF PRIORITIES INVESTMENT PORTOFOLIO

29. Set up of the National List of Priority Actions for 2010 The list of priority actions for 2010 is an important milestone in the implementation of the NAP. It considered environmental and socio-economic issues, policy and legislative frameworks, and the management, institutional, and technical infrastructure available. The list of priority actions includes actions or specific projects that would be implemented at the administrative region level to reduce effectively the releases of a SAP targeted pollutants from a defined sources located in the administrative region. Actions were of technical, institutional and management nature

30. Set up of the National List of Priority Actions for 2010 (ii) A list of priority actions for 2010 was prepared in all NAPs.

31. Setup of National Action Plans (ii) Priority actions described the following: • the reduction that would be performed by the implementation of the action; • identification of the stakeholders; • the definition of the financial and administrative responsibilities of the stakeholders; • identification of Economic Instruments; • the time framework for the implementation of the action; • the reduction tracking method Investment Portfolios were prepared for all priority actions

33. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of National Action Plans (i) The NAPs aimed at the fulfillment of the SAP targets for 2010. Therefore no all environmental problems of the country were included in the priority actions The selection of priority actions was based: • On the results of the prioritized ranking made in the Issue/Impact Matrix, with the direct involvement of stakeholders • On the already existing national commitments for specific actions in the frame of other National Plans (NEAP, Development Plans, regional projects, international aid, etc.) • On the availability of funds for specific projects • On the results of the Investment Portfolios

34. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of National Action Plans (ii) The NAP is a tool for the reduction of pollutants emitted from land-based sources according to the SAP targets • The anticipated results from the implementation of the priority actions described in the NAP have to be in accordance with the SAP targets for pollutants’ reduction In some NAPs this target was not always clearly stated. The NAP has to take into consideration the availability of funds • The necessary funds for the implementation of the NAP’s priority actions for 2010 were not always available in the countries. Therefore the adequate funding of the proposed actions is the key issue for the success of the NAP.

35. Strengths and Weaknesses in the preparation of National Action Plans (iii) Investment Portfolios were prepared for the economic prioritization of the actions • Although Investment Portfolios (IPs) were presented in the NAPs of most countries, they were not always very detailed. Economic Instruments were proposed taking into consideration the country’s specificities • Detailed and country-specific Economic Instruments (EIs) were presented in some NAPs, but in other cases only general information was presented. This is a difficult issue because EIs depend on government policy.

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37. INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO

39. Adoption of the NAP NAPs, once prepared, have to be officially adopted by the relevant national authorities and bodies, in order to ensure the necessary legal basis, resources and institutional arrangements for their implementation. All Mediterranean countries have prepared NAPs, which are in the evaluation process.

40. Thank you