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World War I and the United States

World War I and the United States. Schlieffen Plan. The Western Front. Trench Warfare. New Weapons. Mass Participation. The. U.S. enters the war, April 6, 1917. Proximate causes: German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. Zimmerman telegram Woodrow Wilson sought grand goals

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World War I and the United States

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  1. World War Iand the United States

  2. Schlieffen Plan

  3. The Western Front

  4. Trench Warfare

  5. New Weapons

  6. Mass Participation

  7. The. U.S. enters the war, April 6, 1917 • Proximate causes: • German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. • Zimmerman telegram • Woodrow Wilson sought grand goals • Reshaping of international order (embodied in 14 points)

  8. Mobilization Issues • Manpower • Industrial production • Organization

  9. The Selective Service Act, May 1917 • All males age 21-30 to register for draft: • Later extended to males aged 18-45 • Local civilian boards selected draftees. • Equitable exemption & recruitment policy: • No bounties, substitutions or commutations.

  10. 1917: Assessing the Draft • 9-10 million men registered in June. • 3 million called to service. • 1 million rejected: physically unfit. • 1 million obtained other exemptions. • 500,000 enter military service by end of year. • 700,000 men volunteered for Army and National Guard.

  11. How Many Men? • 1917: Army decides AEF should have 1.3 million men in 30 divisions by end of 1918. • July 1918: AEF to expand to • 80 divisions by May 1919 • 52 by end of 1918. • AEF had 43 division at war’s end.

  12. Sources for Officers? • Regular Army enlisted ranks • R.O.T.C. (and related Student Army Training Corps). • Officer training schools camps/schools (for enlistees/volunteers)

  13. Economic Difficulties • Competing markets • Foreign: military and civilian • U.S.: military and civilian • Growth of U.S. military sector • Ideological/bureaucratic impediments • Organizational discord

  14. War Organizations & Initiatives • War Industries Board (1917) • War Shipping Board & Emergency Fleet Corporation (1916) • Food Administration (1917) • War Trade Board (1917) • management of railroads • Liberty Bonds

  15. Support the War Effort!

  16. Evaluation • The good: • cantonments • basic supplies • The bad: • arms production

  17. U.S. Navy and the Atlantic • Primary danger: U-boats.

  18. The push for convoys • William S. Sims

  19. Requirements for ASW • Escort ships • Destroyers • “splinter fleet” • Merchant ships • Sailors

  20. Technological Fix • North Sea Mine Barrage, 1918

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