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Verbal

4: Inter-Act, 13 th Edition. Verbal. Language. A symbolic system used by people to communicate verbal or written messages. Language and Meaning. Semantic meaning – the meaning derived from the language itself Words – arbitrarily chosen symbols used by a speech community to name things.

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Verbal

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  1. 4: Inter-Act, 13th Edition Verbal

  2. Language A symbolic system used by people to communicate verbal or written messages

  3. Language and Meaning • Semantic meaning – the meaning derived from the language itself • Words – arbitrarily chosen symbols used by a speech community to name things

  4. Language and Meaning

  5. Language • Lexicon – collection of words and expressions • Phonology – sounds used to pronounce words

  6. LanguageCommunity • Language community: group of people who share a common language • Languages are collections of dialects. • Dialect: form of the language spoken by a specific culture or co-culture, understood by the larger language community • Speech community: speak a common dialect, particular style, observe common linguistic norms or scripts • Privileged dialect marks one as part of the “in-group” of society.

  7. Characteristics of Language • Arbitrary • Ambiguous • Abstract • Self-reflective • Changeable • Revealing • Hierarchical

  8. Levels of Meaning • Denotation – the direct or dictionary meaning of a word found in a dictionary • Connotation – the feelings or emotions we personally associate with a word

  9. West Side Story (1961)

  10. Denotative vs. Connotative

  11. Denotative vs. Connotative

  12. Denotative vs. Connotative

  13. Denotative vs. Connotative

  14. Denotative vs. Connotative

  15. Denotative vs. Connotative

  16. Denotative vs. Connotative

  17. Denotative vs. Connotative

  18. Denotative vs. Connotative

  19. Denotative vs. Connotative

  20. Denotative vs. Connotative

  21. Denotative vs. Connotative

  22. Denotative vs. Connotative

  23. Denotative vs. Connotative

  24. Denotative vs. Connotative

  25. Denotative vs. Connotative

  26. Denotative vs. Connotative

  27. Denotative vs. Connotative

  28. Denotative vs. Connotative

  29. Denotative vs. Connotative

  30. Improving Message Semantics • Use specific language. • Date information. • Index generalizations. • Adapt language to listeners. • Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity.

  31. Abstract to Concrete Art Painting Oil Painting Impressionist Oil Painting Renoir’s La Promenade abstract concrete

  32. Abstract to Concrete Buildings Campus College Campus Community College College on Long Island Nassau Community College abstract concrete

  33. Abstract to Concrete Physical Activity Athletics Basketball Professional Basketball New York Knicks abstract concrete

  34. Rephrase each statement so that it is less abstract and more concrete: • Edward always finds something critical to say. • Most people have lost any sense of personal responsibility. • Let’s keep our trip from getting too expensive. • Politicians are dishonest.

  35. Dating Information Specify a time that indicates when a given fact was true or known to be true: Palm Springs is really popular with the college crowd. When we were in Palm Springs twoyears ago, it was really popular with the college crowd.

  36. Indexing Generalizations Mentally or verbally account for individual differences: Because men are stronger than women, Max is stronger than Barbara. In general, men are stronger than women, so Max is probably stronger than Barbara.

  37. Adapt Language to Listener • Use vocabulary the listener understands. • Use jargon sparingly. • Use slang appropriately .

  38. LinguisticSensitivity • Monitor your language to avoid: • Language that offends or alienates • Pointing out a person’s race, sex, etc. (nonparallel language) • Prejudicial language • Use inclusive language.

  39. Avoid “Generic” Man Inclusive language Police officer Policeman Man-made Synthetic All the people in the world All of mankind -Wood

  40. Fireman Waitress Repairman Stewardess Mailman Chairman Cleaning lady Congressman Anchorman Freshman How would you change the following terms to avoid sexism?

  41. Conversation Maxims • Quality maxim: Tell the truth, the whole truth, and only the truth. • Quantity maxim: Provide the “right” amount of information. (Too Much Information!) • Relevancy maxim: Relate what you say to the topic being discussed. • Manner maxim: Be orderly in what you say.

  42. Language and Culture • Sociolinguistic meaning: varies in meaning according to norms and expectations of a particular co-culture • Idioms: expressions used by members of a language or speech community whose meaning differs from the usual meanings in that combination of words: “The gas I bought today cost an arm and a leg!”

  43. Some Idioms… • To pay through the nose • Under the weather • To be one card short of a deck • Throw in the towel • Step on it! • Piece of Cake • Spill the beans

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