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Sun Exposure May Help Prevent Cancer

Sun Exposure May Help Prevent Cancer. Author: Kara Travis Advisors: Professor Vandyke and Dr. Weaver. Background on Sun Exposure. During the 19 th and early 20 th centuries the sun was avoided by the upper class In the late 1900’s sun exposure became very popular

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Sun Exposure May Help Prevent Cancer

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  1. Sun Exposure May Help Prevent Cancer Author: Kara Travis Advisors: Professor Vandyke and Dr. Weaver

  2. Background on Sun Exposure • During the 19th and early 20th centuries the sun was avoided by the upper class • In the late 1900’s sun exposure became very popular • Several years later it was discovered that sun exposure caused skin cancer

  3. Current Thoughts on Sun Exposure • New research has established that people who are following current sun avoidance guidelines are becoming vitamin D deficient. • Vitamin D deficiency increases risks for several types of cancers • The cancers caused by vitamin D deficiency are far more deadly, than skin cancers

  4. Scientific Studies • 2002 study by the American Cancer Society • 2004 study about prostate cancer • 2004 study on non-Hodgkin lymphoma • Numerous additional studies on lung, breast, and colon cancer

  5. Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B. Cancer 2002; 94:1867-75. • Estimated the number and types of cancers affected by sun exposure and the number of premature deaths due to a lack of UV exposure • Analyzed cancer mortality rates and UV-B exposure in geographic locations • Results: 13 types of cancers are statistically inversely correlated with sun exposure and an estimated 21,700 premature deaths occur annually

  6. John EG, Dreon DM, Koo J, Schwartz GM. Residential sunlight exposure is associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer. J of St Biochem and Mol Bio. 2004; 89-90 (1-5):549-52. • Supported the hypothesis that sun exposure reduces the risk of prostate cancer • Conducted detailed surveys that adjusted for age, family history, and dietary intake • Concluded that the risk of prostate cancer was reduced by as much as 50% for men who resided in the southernmost states

  7. Hughes AM, Armstrong BK, Vajdic CM, Turner J, Grulich AE, Fritschi L, et al. Sun exposure may protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2004; 112:865-71. • Discovered that sun exposure provided protection against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma • Also a group comparison survey • This association was strongest in women and children

  8. The Role of Vitamin D • 2 ways to get vitamin D (skin synthesis and diet) • Sunlight is the major source of vitamin D for most people • Vitamin D supplements are not as effective

  9. The Role of Vitamin D • Deficiency has been reported in 36% of healthy young adults and 57% of hospital inpatients • Vitamin D deficiency is also linked to rickets in children and osteoporosis and secondary hyperparathyroidism in adults

  10. How Does Vitamin D Decrease Cancer Risk? • Vitamin D has been proven to have anti-tumor activity • Possible link to inhibition of angiogenesis in tumors • Current phase I and II clinical trials for use of vitamin D in various cancer treatments

  11. The Bottom Line • Most individuals are not receiving enough vitamin D • Sun exposure is the easiest and most efficient way to produce enough vitamin D • Sun exposure still causes skin cancers • Skin cancer has a low mortality rate

  12. Is the sun exposure worth the risk of skin cancer?

  13. What do I tell my patients? • 5-10 minutes of sun exposure daily on hands and face • Still use sunscreen after the 5-10 minutes • Avoid sunburns, especially in childhood • Pay close attention to specific groups of patients (elderly, African Americans, certain religious backgrounds)

  14. Conclusion • It is time for clinicians to rethink their harsh recommendations on sun exposure • Watch for more published articles and research studies in the near future

  15. Questions?

  16. References • Affleck P. Sun exposure and health. Nursing Standard. 2005 Feb 24; 19(47):50-4. • Albert MR, Ostheimer KG. The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: part 1. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002; 47(6): 930-7. • Albert MR, Ostheimer KG. The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: part 3. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Dec; 49(6): 1096-1106. • Allen J. Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth. NASA. September 6, 2001. Available at: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/UVB/. • American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures. 2005. Available at http://www.cancer.org. • BC Decker Inc. Cancer Medicine 5. 2000. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cmed.section.31749. • Bernardi R, Jonson CS, Modzelewski RA, Trump DL. Antiproliferative effects of 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitaminD(3) and vitamin D analogs on tumor derived endothelial cells. Endocrinology. 2002; 143:2508-14.

  17. Cholecalciferol Council. Understanding Vitamin D. 2005. Available at: http://www.cholecaciferol-council.com • Craig CR, Stitzel RE. Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications. 6th edition. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. • Egan KM, Sosman JA, Blot WJ. Sunlight and reduced risk of cancer: Is the real story vitamin D? J Nat Cancer Inst. 2005 Feb 2; 97(3):161-3. • Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B. Cancer 2002; 94:1867-75. • Homeier B. Sun Safety. Kids Health for Parents. 2004. Available at: http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/outdoor/sun_safety.html. • Hughes AM, Armstrong BK, Vajdic CM, Turner J, Grulich AE, Fritschi L, et al. Sun exposure may protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2004; 112:865-71. • John EG, Dreon DM, Koo J, Schwartz GM. Residential sunlight exposure is associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer. J of St Biochem and Mol Bio. 2004; 89-90 (1-5):549-52.

  18. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th edition. Penn: Elsevier Inc.; 2005. • Senne S. Vitamin D research may have doctors prescribing sunshine. USA Today. 2005. Available at http://usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-05-21-doctors-sunshine-good_x.htm • Tung RC, Vidimos AT(a). Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. The Cleveland Clinic. May 30, 2002. Available at: http://www.clevelandclinicmed.com/diseasemanagment/dermatology/nonmelanoma/nonmelanomas.htm. • Tung RC, Vidimos AT(b). Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. The Cleveland Clinic. May 30, 2002. Available at: http://www.clevelandclinicmed.com/diseasemanagment/dermatology/nonmelanoma/nonmelanomas.htm.

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