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World War I

World War I. Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia (to 1917). 4 Major Causes of War. Imperialism Entangling Alliances Militarism Nationalism fervent patriotism independence movements. The Spark. Emperor Franz-Joseph

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World War I

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  1. World War I

  2. Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia (to 1917)

  3. 4 Major Causes of War • Imperialism • Entangling Alliances • Militarism • Nationalism • fervent patriotism • independence movements

  4. The Spark • Emperor Franz-Joseph • Archduke Franz-Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) assassination by Serbian nationalists of the BLACK HAND

  5. Trench Warfare • Industrial War • first military use • telephone • automobile • airplane

  6. Stalemate By 1915, 4,000,000 soldiers in the trenches b

  7. How did the United States get involved in Europe’s war?

  8. President Wilson declares NEUTRALITY

  9. Economic Boon for the US. • Munitions, food, soldier’s supplies, money • Increase in Trade 1914-1916 • Britain 257% • France 393% • Italy 363% • Germany .08%

  10. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare to combat British naval blockade

  11. Lusitania • Lusitania -- British passenger liner

  12. Struck by a German torpedo • 1200 of 2,000 die • 128 Americans • secretly carrying war materials

  13. U.S. Response • Wilson continues policy of neutrality • Germany apologizes • after further attacks, agrees to refrain from no-warning attacks • Wilson is re-elected on the slogan: “He kept us out of war.” (600,000 votes-1916)

  14. Zimmerman Telegraph • German Foreign Secretary Arthur Von Zimmerman to German ambassador to Mexico • ask Mexico to join Central powers • help them regain land • renew unrestricted submarine warfare

  15. and German U-boats Sink 3 American Ships • Wilson asks Congress for Declaration of War – April 2, 1917 • “neutrality is no longer feasible…” • “The world must be made safe for democracy” • “we shall fight for the [idea] which we have always carried close to our hearts—democracy”

  16. Opposition to the War • Many women • Jeanette Rankin (1st woman rep. in Congress) • “You can no more win a war than you can win an earthquake.” • Quakers • Socialists • Opponents of big business • “command of gold” • profiteering

  17. Mobilization • The Draft – 9 million registered • 3 million • Volunteers – 2 million • Increased production • fuel, ships, weapons, food • governing boards • Propaganda Campaigns • CPI (Committee on Public Information) • George Creed • “4-Minute Men”

  18. The Suppression of Dissent • Espionage Act 1917 • Sedition Act 1918 • 2,000 prosecutions • including Eugene Debs (10 years) • Public persecution of Germans

  19. Western Front • AEF American Expeditionary Force • General John “Black Jack” Pershing • Major American engagements • Chateau Thierry • Meuse-Argonne

  20. End of the War • Kaiser abdicates Nov. 9 • Armistice signed Nov. 11 @ 11 a.m.

  21. 10 million soldiers killed/20 million wounded • 10 million civilian deaths • 110,000 American deaths • Estimated cost: $185 billion

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