ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY Unit 3-2a Understanding Energy

1. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY Unit 3-2a Understanding Energy

2. Our Planet’s Energy Resources Energy – The ability to do work or cause a change Potential Energy – Stored EnergyEx: chemical, nuclear, mechanical Kinetic Energy – Energy in MotionEx: electrical, thermal, mechanical Law of Conservation of Energy –Energy can be converted fromone form to another but itcannot be created or destroyed! Describe the energy conversion that occurs in the sun… Nuclear to Thermal and Radiant!

3. Where Do We Get Most Of Our Energy? • Fossil Fuels – The remains of ancient organisms; Ex: • Petroleum (Oil), • Coal, and • Natural Gas • Fossil fuels &nuclear powermake up 94% ofour energy needsand are considered • Non-Renewablebecause they’re used quicker than they are replenished. • Only 6% of our current energy resources are renewable.

4. Our Planet’s Petroleum Supply We use ~25 billion gallons of oil per year. We have ~900 billion gallons remaining on Earth. That means we have less than40 years of petroleum remainingat our current consumption rate. Petroleum provides us with fuels;Ex: Gasoline, Diesel, Heating Oil And many other products;Ex: Plastic, Fertilizers, Fabricsand Construction Materials Can we imagine life without these things?

5. World Oil Reserves What Are Our Options? • To save our oil supplies, we could… • Use less – Hybrid cars get much better gas mileage • Increase taxes – The US has very low gas prices • Find alternative resources – Corn-based products are becoming more common • Wal-Mart uses millions of these containers each yearand might lead the way for other companies as well.

6. Here's what a gallon of gas goes for in the 34 cities around the world that AIRINC surveyed (As of June 30, 2010) : • 18. Toronto, Canada | $3.8119. Beijing, China | $3.7120. Bangkok, Thailand | $3.6421. Buenos Aires, Argentina | $3.5822. Havana, Cuba | $3.6423. Karachi, Pakistan | $3.0224. New York, U.S. | $2.85 • 25. Moscow, Russia | $2.8026. Mexico City, Mexico | $2.4527. Lagos, Nigeria $1.6228. Dubai City, United Arab Emirates $1.5729. Cairo, Egypt | $1.1730. Kuwait, City, Kuwait | 85 cents31. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 45 cents32. Tehran, Iran | 32 cents33. Caracas, Venezuela | 6 cents • 1. Asmara, Eritrea | $9.592. Oslo, Norway | $7.413. Copenhagen, Denmark | $6.894. Hong Kong | $6.875. Berlin, Germany, and Monaco, Monte Carlo | $6.826. London, U.K. | $6.607. Rome, Italy | $6.448. Paris, France | $6.049. Sao Paulo, Brazil | $5.6910. Seoul, Korea | $5.5511. Tokyo, Japan | $5.4012. Singapore, Singapore | $4.8113. Nairobi, Kenya | $4.3114. Mumbai, India | $4.2515. Santiago, Chile | $4.1816. Johannesburg, South Africa | $4.05

7. Let’s Review… What have you learned in this unit? Describe the difference betweenpotential and kinetic energy. Describe three different typesof fossil fuels. How much of our energy comesfrom renewable resources? List three fuel & three non-fuelproducts made from petroleum. How can we conserve ourpetroleum resources?

8. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY Unit 3-2b Non-Renewable Energy

9. Why Do We Need So Much Fuel? • There are five main uses for fuel • Cooking • Transportation • Manufacturing • Heating & Cooling • Making Electricity • What are our primary energy needs and how long can we rely on nonrenewable energy sources?

10. How Do We Make Electricity? Generator – Converts mechanical energy to electricityusing magnets and an iron core All you need is something to turn the wheel… But it takes a lot of turningto power all of our favorite electrical devices! We need powerful fuels(typically coal) which createsteam that turns the turbine and generator. What are some of the problems with using coal?

11. How Do We Make Electricity?

12. Cleaner? But Deadly! Natural Gas – The fuel, mostly methane, used in homes for cooking and heating. Pollutes little but createsCO2 and carbon monoxide! Another fuel option is… Nuclear Fission – Power plantssplit uranium atoms to createenergy for boiling water These are both dangerous due to pollutants, storage and transportation issues. Nuclear energy is VERY expensive! Nuclear Fusion – Combines atoms without any pollutantsbut we may never safely attain the power of the sun!

13. Your Carbon Footprint Carbon Footprint – Measures the total amount of carbon released through the impact of human activities. How much carbon is released so one person can buy a CD?Imagine all the energy needed to… Record the CD Create the CD Deliver the CD Run the store that sells the CD Get you to the store to buy the CD And then the energy to play the CD on your music device. Imagine the energy needed for everything you purchase!

14. Let’s Review… What have you learned in this unit? List four reasons that we usefossil fuel energy. How does a generator work? Why are fossil fuelsso commonly used for energy? List two important disadvantages to using fossil fuels. Compare and contrast nuclearfission and nuclear fusion.

15. REDUCING OUR FOOTPRINT Unit 3-2c Renewable Energy

16. Renewable Energy • Energy from sources that are constantly being formed • Types – solar, wind, hydroelectric (water), geothermal and biomass FYI: In 2009, the U.S. was the world's largest producer of electricity from geothermal, solar and wind powerbut Europe plans to reach 20% of its total energy use from renewables by this year!

17. Power from Outer Space What is the source of all energy on Earth? The Sun!How can we use the sun’s energy? Passive & Active Solar Heating –Uses heat from the sun to heathomes and water tanks Photovoltaics – Cells that changesolar energy into electricity (solar panels) Pros: ample energy for all ourneeds, available almost everywhere Cons: Cost of solar panels is high andwe need many to meet our current needs Where have you seen these producing clean energy?

18. Power from Outer Space Wind Power – Wind turbines are the world’s fastest growing energy source Pros – cost effective – lots of energy for the $; farmland can easily include turbines Cons – Getting the energy fromwhere it’s produced to where it’s needed Where is the best place to build a wind farm in NJ? Approved: 127 miles of wind turbines along Jersey coast!

19. Power from Life On Earth • Photosynthesis stores the sun’s energy in the form of… • Biomass Fuel – Pro: Renewable organic energy sources • Wood & Dung – Commonly used in developing countries for heating and cooking • Methane – When it’s created by microorganisms • Ethanol – Typically blended with fossil fuels to increase efficiency & reduce pollution • Cons: These create pollution & reduce current resources!

20. Power from the Earth There is a tremendous amount of energy all around us.Just look at the power of Mother Nature! Hydropower – Dams where water turns turbines Cons – destroys habitats, farmland and even homes Geothermal Power – Heat from the Earth’s core can boil water. That water/steam can be pumped to the surface to heat or power turbines. US is #1! Also Philippines, Iceland, Japan, Mexico, Italy and NZ Pro: How much pollution is created from these sources?

21. Why Not Now? • These renewable sources of energy are all viable but… • There are three major issues with renewable energy • These energy sources are not found across the globe • The energy produced is minimal compared to the amount that is needed • Fossil fuels are still very profitable • However, as the environment deteriorates,our dependence on foreign energy grows,and new technologies continue to improve,these sources will become more common.

22. Alternative Energy - Other Ideas with Promise for the Future! • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – warm surface water boils water under low pressure to turn the turbine • Pros? Cons? • Fuel Cells- hydrogen gas H2 + O2heat +H20 Burning H2 turns the turbine • Pros? Cons? • Tidal Power – water moves between high and low tide and turns turbines in a dam • Pros? Cons?

23. Other Ideas with Promise! • Efficiency – • hybrid cars – use an efficient gas engine and an electric motor • Cogeneration - producing two useful forms of energy from one source No Cons! • Conservation – ANYTHING you can do to use less of ANY resource • Example: People Power – bike sharing programs: DC, Denver, Portland, Chicago, Paris, London and more in the works! Cogeneration

24. Let’s Review… What have you learned in this unit? Describe three types of renewableenergy from the sun. Which three types of renewableenergy don’t create pollution? Which three types of renewableenergy create air pollution? How does a hybrid car work? What can you and your family do to conserve energy?