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Rabies

Rabies. Danya Zamir 1297. Table of contents. INTRODUCTION REPLICATIVE CYCLE TRANSMISSION EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS IMMUNITY CLINICAL FINDINGS LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT AND PREVENTION. introduction.

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Rabies

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  1. Rabies Danya Zamir 1297

  2. Table of contents • INTRODUCTION • REPLICATIVE CYCLE • TRANSMISSION • EPIDEMIOLOGY • PATHOGENESIS • IMMUNITY • CLINICAL FINDINGS • LAB DIAGNOSIS • TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

  3. introduction • Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis of the brain in humans and other warm-blooded animals. In the United States, Rabies virus is transmitted by the bite of animals such as bats, cayotes, foxes, as well as unvaccinated dogs. • It is a single stranded RNA that falls under the Rhabdoviruses. • It is a bullet-shaped virus that is enveloped. • It’s nucleic content is contained in a helical structure.

  4. United states

  5. Replicative state

  6. transmission • There are three ways that Rabies can be transmitted to humans: • Animal bite: Rabid animals become aggressive and contain the virus in saliva. • Non-bite: Inhaling rabies virus that has been aerosolized. Those in infected bat caves may be exposed to aerosolized virus. • Transplant: Rabies virus also spreads by certain transplants such as corneal transplants or other tissue transplants that are infected with saliva and mucosal membranes.

  7. Epidemiology • About 60,000 deaths occur per year due to Rabies worldwide. • Latin America and the Caribbean have had the largest reduction of rabies cases due to canine control programs. • Most of the human deaths due to rabies occur in Asia than any other continent, in which about 30,000 deaths occur due to rabies. • Amongst Asia, India has the highest mortality rate due to human rabies due to the large number of stray dogs.

  8. Pathogenesis • Rabies is introduced through a bite, and replicates in the skin or muscle tissue before it reaches the peripheral nerves. • The virus binds to peripheral nerves by binding to nicotonic acetylcholine receptor or indirectly into the muscle at the site of inoculation. The virus moves slowly jumping from nerve cell to nerve cell, moving closer to the brain. • The incubation period in which the time it takes the virus to go from the bite wound to the brain is about 2 weeks to 2 months. This is determined by the location of the bite. For example, if human is bitten on the neck or closer to the brain, the virus has a short distance to travel to the brain. • The virus reaches the brain and goes into the salivary glands, causing the animal to become infectious. • About 3 days later, the virus infects the brain tissue affecting the animal’s behavior. • Negri bodies (inclusion bodies) are found in the brain, causing neurological problems.

  9. Immunity • Before exposure: the rabies vaccination should be given in three doses. • Dose 1 = As appropriate • Dose 2 = 7 days after Dose 1 • Dose 3 = 21 days or 28 days after dose 1 • After exposure with someone who has never been vaccinated should get 4 doses in intervals as well as the Rabies Immune Globulin with the first dose. • Someone who has been vaccinated and gets infected should get two doses.

  10. Clinical findings • Pain and itching at site of bite • Encephalitis • Fever • Anorexia • Increased salivation • Painful spasm of throat muscles on swallowing • Seizures, paralysis and coma

  11. Lab diagnosis • Rabies is difficult to diagnose because it can be mistaken for other viruses in its early stages. • Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT)in which fluorescein isothiocyanate agglutinates with the rabies virus forming specific antigen that is visible under fluorescent light.

  12. Lab diagnosis • Electron microscopy used to spot the bullet shaped of the virus, Negri bodies (sites of assembly for the virus). Negri bodies Bullet shape virus

  13. Lab diagnosis • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) = copies of DNA are amplified that confirms the Fluorescent Antibody Test as well as detecting rabies virus in the saliva and the skin biopsy.

  14. Treatment • Within the first 10 days of the infection, the spread of infection can be controlled by continuously washing the infected site. • Vaccines such as Rabies Immune Globulin can also be administered within 14 days of the infection.

  15. Prevention • Vaccinating pets, as well as dogs, cats, rabbits by regularly taking them to the vet. • Not contacting wile animals or strays. • Contact animal control if come in contact with wild or stray animals is to close.

  16. sources • http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/virol/rabies.htm • http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/virus.html • http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/agr/animal-health/rabies-control-program/pathogenesis-of-rabies-generic.html • http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/diagnosis/direct_fluorescent_antibody.html

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