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NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth. Jovian planets compared to earth. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth. Jupiter and Io From 29 million miles away. Zones- bright cloud regions, rising/ cooler gases. Belts- dark cloud regions, descending / warmer gases.

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NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

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  1. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Jovian planets compared to earth

  2. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  3. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Jupiter and Io From 29 million miles away. Zones- bright cloud regions, rising/ cooler gases. Belts- dark cloud regions, descending / warmer gases. Heating from interior causes cloud motions.

  4. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Jupiter Great red spot- Giant hurricane twice the size of earth. False color image to enhance cloud turbulence.

  5. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Jupiter’s ring (artist’s sketch) 35,000 miles above cloud tops.

  6. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Jupiter’s ring (Actual photo) 4000 miles, edge to edge. 1 mile thick.

  7. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG.9.4 Figure 9.4 These diagrams compare the interior structures of the Jovian planets (shown approximately to scale). All four planets have cores equal to about 10 Earth masses or rock, metal, and hydrogen compounds, and they differ primarily in the hydrogen/helium layers that surround the cores.

  8. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG. 9.2 Figure 9.2 Jupiter's interior structure, labeled with the pressure, temperature, and density at various depths. Earth's interior structure is shown to scale for comparison. Note that Jupiter's core is only slightly larger than Earth but is about 10 times more massive.

  9. SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS - JUPITER • ATMOSPHERE: • CLOUD BANDS - ALTERNATE COLORS • CLOUD MOTIONS - • BELTS - REDDISH BROWN BANDS - COOLR • ZONES - WHITE, YEEEOW BANDS - HOTTER • COMPOSITION - WATER AND AMMONIA CLOUDS • LIGHTNING AND AURORA OBSERVED • GREAT RED SPOT: • HURRICANE STORM OVER 300 YEARS OLD • TWICE THE DIAMETER OF EARTH • RING: • 1 KM THICK, 6000 KM EXTENDED RADIALLY NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  10. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG.9.9 Figure 9.9 The larger satellites of the Jovian planets, with sizes (but not distances) shown to scale. Mercury, the Moon, and Pluto are included for comparison.

  11. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth • GALILEAN MOONS • Io: • 8 volcanoes • Smooth young surface • Sulfur and SO2 frost • Volcanoes eject sulfur material producing a ring of sulfur and O2 around Jupiter • Magnetic field of Jupiter allows particles to penetrate the polar regions, producing aurora

  12. Figure 9.11 Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. (a) An erupting volcanic plume rising hundreds of kilometers above Io's surface. (b) The reddish color of the now-cooled lava flows extending from this volcano on Io (center black dot) suggests they were once molten sulfur. (c) This enhanced-color photo shows fallout (dark patch) from a volcanic plume on Io. The fallout region covers an area the size of Arizona. (The orange ring is the fallout from another volcano.) NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG. 9.11

  13. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Io Close-up of surface. Tidal heating causes melting under surface to produce volcanoes.

  14. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG. 9.12 Figure 9.12 Tidal heating explained. (a) Because Io's orbit is slightly elliptical, the strength and direction of Io's tidal bulges change. The bulges and orbital eccentricity are exaggerated. (b) About every seven Earth days (one Ganymede orbit, two Europa orbits, and four Io orbits), the three moons line up as shown. The small gravitational tugs repeat and make all three orbits slightly elliptical.

  15. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth • GALILEAN MOONS • EUROPA: • Thin ice crust • Fracture/ridge system • Few craters

  16. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG. 9.14 Figure 9.14 Europa is one of the most intriguing moons in the solar system. (a) Europa's icy crust is criss-crossed with cracks. (b) Some regions show jumbled crust with icebergs, apparently frozen in slush. This figure combines low-resolution images and high-resolution close-ups from the Galileo spacecraft. (c) Close-up photos show that many surface cracks have a double-ridged pattern.

  17. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth • GALILEAN MOONS • GANYEMEDE: • Bright, young ray craters • Impact basin • Dark regions are heavily cratered • Variety of geologic processes observed (e.g. crustal motion) • Largest of the moons

  18. Figure 9.15 Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system. (a) Ganymede's numerous craters (bright spots) show that its surface is older than Europa's (b) The brighter, ridged regions of Ganymede's surface, called grooved terrain, have few craters and indicate relatively recent geological activity. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG. 9.15

  19. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth • GALILEAN MOONS • CALLISTO: • Ancient heavily cratered surface • Impact basins • Density low • Little crustal motion

  20. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG. 9.16 Figure 9.16 Callisto shows no evidence of volcanic or tectonic activity. (a) Heavy cratering indicates an ancient surface. (b) Close-up photos show a dark powder overlying the low areas of the surface.

  21. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Callisto Large impact basin. Rings are shock waves that froze quickly after impact.

  22. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  23. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Saturn- Ring structure Tilt of rings 27 degrees from orbital plane.

  24. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Saturn Clouds- Belts and zones not as pronounced as on Jupiter

  25. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Saturn ring structure- false color image Cassini division- large gap in rings

  26. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth FIG. 9.22 Figure 9.22 (a) The largest gap in Saturn's rings, called the Cassini division, is caused by an orbital resonance with the moon Mimas. (b) Another Mimas resonance creates remarkable ripples in Saturn's rings. The dark spots in the image are calibration marks for the camera.

  27. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Spokes in B ring Spokes do not follow Kepler’s Laws Magnetic and electric fields form these patterns.

  28. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Another view of rings

  29. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Titan, moon of Saturn 3200 miles diameter Atmosphere denser than earth’s. Nitrogen with some Methane. Temperature on surface: -180 deg. C.

  30. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Comparison of earth and Titanatmospheres

  31. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Fig. 9.17 Figure 9.17 Saturn's moon Titan. (a) Titan is enshrouded by a hazy, cloudy atmosphere. (b) Artist's conception of the surface of Titan, showing the possible ethane oceans. (c) A recent image from the Keck Telescope taken at infrared wavelengths can see through Titan's clouds to the surface. The dark areas may be oceans.

  32. SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS - SATURN • SATURN: • Atmosphere similar to Jupiter • Dark belts and light zones • High winds - 4 to 5 times faster than Jupiter’s • Cold temperatures (90 k) • Aurora • Radio emissions • RINGS: • Hundreds of ringlets • F ring - 3 separate intertwined ringlets: also clumps • B ring has long radial spoke-like features NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  33. SATURN’S SATELLITES: • 23 (9 major moons) • Number 13 and 14 guard the f ring • Number 15 is on the outer edge of the a-ring • Titan: • Smaller than Ganymede, larger than Mercury • Has a dense, hazy atmosphere of nitrogen • (methane) and carbon dioxide with • small concentrations of hydrocarbons • Surface temperature is 100 k (-170°c) • Liquid nitrogen or methane lakes may exist at the poles NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  34. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  35. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth True (left) and false colors images of Uranus Picture of south pole from 9 million miles away. South pole, pointed toward sun. Methane in atmosphere absorbs red light; hence blue color. Discovered in 1781 by Wm. Herschel.

  36. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Artist’s sketch of Uranus’ rings- discovered be stellar occultation. Rings closer to planet than moons.

  37. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Ring structure Of Uranus. Shows dust in ring system. Streaks are stars.

  38. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Miranda, Moon of Uranus Cosmic museum Many unique features. “7” Trapezoidal region. Grooved terrain.

  39. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Miranda Mountainous region.

  40. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth • SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS - URANUS • Discovered by William Herschel in 1781 • 4 times earth's diameter • First planet not known to Greek astronomers • Blue-greenish appearance,with rocky core • Thick hydrogen atmosphere with methane clouds • Methane absorbes red light • Rotation period 16.5 hours

  41. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth • URANUS (continued) • Spin axis tipped at 82° to the orbital plane • Has a retrograde rotation • Has a 21 year winter and a 21 year summer • Poles have the same temperature • Magnetic field is 50 times the earth's tipped 60 degrees

  42. URANUS (continued) • RINGS: • 10 rings • 9 discovered by stellar occultation • 1 discovered by Voyager spacecraft • Probably composed of rocks rather than ice • Source may have been a moon destroyed by a meteoroid impact NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  43. URANUS (continued) • MOONS: • 5 largest seen from earth; made of rocks and ice • 10 discovered by voyager spacecraft • Miranda—many unique surface features, Chevron, grooved terrain, large valley, high cliffs NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  44. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  45. Neptune Methane absorbs red light, gives blue-green color. Great dark spot, like Jupiter’s red spot. Cloud structure has belts and zones, like Jupiter. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  46. Neptune’s great dark spot. About size of earth. Same relative size to planet as Jupiter’s spot is to Jupiter. Atmosphere is very cold: -350°F Scooter- cloud formation below the dark spot. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth

  47. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Neptune’s rings 50,000 Km above planet. Clumpy, not continuous. Probably methane ice.

  48. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Triton, moon of Neptune. Probably a captured asteroid. Polar cap, frozen nitrogen. Wrinkled surface, like Mercury

  49. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Close-up of Triton’s surface . 70% rock; 30% water ice. Very old craters. Circular region may be volcano caldera.

  50. NATS 1311 From the Cosmos to Earth Triton’s surface. The flat regions in this close-up photo may be lava-filled impact basins similar to the lunar maria.

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