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Human Exploration of Space

Human Exploration of Space. Vergeltungswaffen 1 (V-1) Weapon. The V-1 was an early design of a cruise missile. It was rather slow and susceptible to anti-aircraft guns. It ran of an early jet-type engine, which pulsed thrust rather than todays continuous thrust jets.

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Human Exploration of Space

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  1. Human Exploration of Space

  2. Vergeltungswaffen 1 (V-1) Weapon • The V-1 was an early design of a cruise missile. • It was rather slow and susceptible to anti-aircraft guns. • It ran of an early jet-type engine, which pulsed thrust rather than todays continuous thrust jets. • The V-2 provided the Vergeltungswaffen Weapon series with many benefits including range and speed. • By the end of the war 4,261 V-1's had been destroyed in flight by the Allied Forces.

  3. Vergeltungswaffen 2 (V-2 Rocket) • Rockets have obviously been used in fireworks for thousands of years by the Chinese and other countries. • The modern development of the rocket was researched by Wernher Magnus Maximilian, Freiherr Von Braun. • First successful launch was on the 3rd October 1942 • The rocket reached a height of 80 km before shutting off its engine. • The combustion burner reached a temperature of 2500–2700 °C • The V-2 was launched from Germany containing 2,500lb bombs to Southern England during World War II A V-2 launched from a fixed site in summer 1943

  4. Operation Paperclip • The operation was to recruit the scientists of Nazi Germany for employment by the United States in the aftermath of World War II (1939–45). • One purpose of Operation Paperclip was to deny German scientific knowledge and expertise to the USSR and the UK. • This operation was also one of the factors that sparked the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91). • Another Operation, similar to Operation Paperclip, was Project Safehaven. This Project addressed the concern that German scientists might immigrate and continue their research in countries such as Spain, Argentina or Egypt, all of which had sympathized with Nazi Germany. 104 rocket scientists at Fort Bliss, Texas. A group of scientists captured by the Soviet Union and forced to work.

  5. Continuation with research of the V-2 US test of a V-2 Rocket • Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2s and parts were captured and shipped to the United States, and 126 of the principal designers, including Wernher von Braun were in American hands. • Von Braun, his brother Magnus von Braun, and seven others decided to surrender to the United States military (Operation Paperclip) to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot dead by the Nazis to prevent their capture. • The V-2 and it's liquid oxygen type fuel heavily influenced Americas later designs. The first photo from space was taken from a V-2 launched by US scientists on October 24, 1946

  6. The Space Race • First Artificial Satellite • Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to be put into Earth's orbit. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. • Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik also helped to identify the upper atmospheric layer's density, through measuring the satellite's orbital changes. • Pressurized nitrogen in the satellite's body provided the first opportunity for meteoroid detection. If a meteoroid penetrated the satellite's outer hull, it would be detected by the temperature data sent back to Earth • It also provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere.

  7. The Space Race • First Human in Space • On 12 April 1961, the Soviet Union also won the race with the United States to get a human into space, Yuri Gagarin was launched into orbit around the Earth on Vostok 1. • Medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. • Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 metres (23,000 ft), and landing by parachute. • When the flight was publicly announced, it was celebrated around the world as a great triumph, not just for the Soviet Union, but for the world itself, though it once again shocked and embarrassed the United States. Vostok Displayed at Ostankino The first human to travel into orbit, Yuri Gagarin, launched in 1961

  8. The Space Race • Declaring the Moon Race • On 20 April 1961, about one week after Gagarin's flight, American President John F. Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. • Johnson recommended that a piloted moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely that the United States could achieve it first. • His justification for the Moon Race, was that it was both vital to national security and it would focus the nation's energies in other scientific and social fields. Kennedy Announcing "we will put a man on the moon"

  9. The Space Race • Project Gemini • In January 1962 the US introduced Project Gemini, a two-crew-member spacecraft that would support Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back. • Although Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, Gemini took advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight. • Some significant firsts Project Gemini Achieved include: • On Gemini 8 (March 1966), Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft, his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle. • On Gemini 12 (November 1966), Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three EVA sessions, finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft. Image of Gemini 12 lifting off

  10. The Space Race • Apollo 11 - First Trip to the Moon • 1969 saw the final leg of the Moon Race, with the United States leading it after the flight of Apollo 8. Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Soviet moon program was in deep trouble. • The Apollo 11 crew consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and lunar module pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. • The lunar trip took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and began their descent. After overcoming several computer malfunctions, Armstrong took over manual-flight-control at about 180 metres (590 ft). • At 10:56:15 p.m. EDT, Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. • Neil Armstrong's first words when he stepped off the LM's landing pad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. American Buzz Aldrin during the first moonwalk in 1969

  11. Following Trips to the Moon Total Number of Manned Lunar Missions:

  12. The Mars Rovers • Summary • A Mars rover is an automated motor vehicle which propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars after landing. • Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote robotic vehicle control. • There have been three successful Mars rovers, all of which were robotically operated. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory managed the Mars Pathfinder mission with its Sojourner rover and currently manages the Mars Exploration Rover mission with its two rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.

  13. Rovers that have arrived on Mars no longer in Operation • Six rovers have been sent to Mars: • Mars 2, Prop-M rover, 1971, failed • Mars 3, Prop-M rover, 1971, failed. • The Prop-M rovers were to move on skis while connected to the landers with cables. The Mars 2 rover crashed into the Martian surface. The Mars 3 rover failed less than a minute after landing and never moved. • Sojourner rover, Mars Pathfinder, landed successfully on July 4, 1997. Communications were lost on September 27, 1997. • Spirit (MER-A), Mars Exploration Rover, landed successfully on January 4, 2004. Nearly 6 years after the original mission limit, Spirit had covered a total distance of 7.73 km (4.80 mi) but its wheels were trapped in sand. Around January 26, 2010, NASA admitted defeat in its efforts to free the rover and stated that it would now function as a stationary science platform. Since March 22, 2010 there has been no communication from the rover. Spirt Rover made by the United States. Prop-M rover made by the USSR.

  14. Opportunity Rover • Opportunity, MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover – B), is a robotic rover on the planet Mars, active since 2004. It is the remaining rover in NASA's ongoing Mars Exploration Rover Mission. • Launched from Earth on 7 July 2003, it landed on the Martian Meridiani Planum on 25 January 2004 at 05:05 Ground UTC (about 13:15 local time), three weeks after its twin Spirit (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. • The objectives of the Opportunity rover include the search for and characterisation of a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity. • Opportunity has continued to function effectively 30 times longer than its planned 90-sol mission, aided by solar cell cleaning events, and it continues to perform extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features. Its twin, the Spirit rover, became immobile in 2009 and in 2010 ceased communications.

  15. Future Rover: The Curiosity Rover • The Curiosity Rover was launched November 26, 2011, at 10:02 EST and is scheduled to land on Mars at Gale Crater between August 6 and 20, 2012. • Its primary mission objective is to determine whether Mars is or has ever been an environment able to support life but it will not look for any life itself. It is also intended to analyze samples scooped up from the soil and drilled from rocks. • Curiosity has two means of communication – an X-band transmitter and receiver that can communicate directly with Earth, and a UHF Electra (radio)-lite software-defined radio for communicating with Mars orbiters. • Communication with orbiters is expected to be the main contributor to data return to Earth, since the orbiters have both more power and larger antennas than the lander.

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