1 / 47

Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Normally Distributed Data. The Normal Distribution. The normal distribution has these properties: It has a mean m, which defines its center. It has a standard deviation s, which defines its width. It is symmetric (mirror-image) about it’s mean m . It is bell-shaped.

adamdaniel
Download Presentation

Chapter 4

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 4 Normally Distributed Data

  2. The Normal Distribution The normal distribution has these properties: It has a mean m, which defines its center. It has a standard deviation s, which defines its width. It is symmetric (mirror-image) about it’s mean m. It is bell-shaped. The total area under the curve is 1. The area to the left of m is 0.5 and equals the area to the right of m. The STANDARD NORMAL distribution has m = 0 and s = 1. .

  3. The effects of m and s How does the standard deviation affect the shape of f(x)? s= 2 s =3 s =4 How does the expected value affect the location of f(x)? m = 10 m = 11 m = 12

  4. The Normal Curve Rule For any normal distribution with a mean m and a standard deviation s, the following statements are true: Approximately 68% of all observations fall within one standard deviation of the mean, or in the interval (m – s, m + s). Approximately 95% of all observations fall within two standard deviations of the mean , or in the interval (m – 2s, m + 2s). Almost all observations fall within three standard deviations of the mean, or in the interval (m – 3s, m + 3s).

  5. Example • Pulse rates (the number of times a person’s heart beats per minute) are normally distributed with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 6. • Draw a graph to represent this. 80 92 62 68 74 86 98

  6. What percentage of pulse rates is between 68 and 92 beats per minute? • 95% Why? • What percentage of pulse rates is more than 86 beats per minute? • 16% Why? • A woman reports that only 2 ½% of all peoples’ pulse rates are lower than her pulse rate. What is the woman’s pulse rate? • 68 Why?

  7. Another Example • From past experience it is known that for a particular investment the amount of money earned annually on a $1000 investment averages $100. The amount earned is called the annual return and it varies from year to year. The annual return is known to be normally distributed with a standard deviation of $50.

  8. Draw a graph to represent this.

  9. What percentage of years does this investment lose money, i.e. have an annual return of less than $0? • 2.5%

  10. What percentage of years is the annual return more than $150? • 16%

  11. A person who invests $1000 would like to have a total amount of money of at least $1150 by next year. Do you think this will happen? Explain fully. • This is not unlikely. It happens 16% of the time. However, this is not a large enough percentage to assure that the person will have $1150.

  12. Normal Distribution Typically, we start with a random variable of interest, X, which has a normal distribution with parameters m and s. We then transform the question asked into one involving the standard normal distribution. This is the power of the normal distribution, which only requires one table to do all exercises. We begin by transforming from the given population into the standard normal curve values by creating z-scores. A z-score represents how many standard deviations above or below the mean a raw score is located.

  13. Normal Distribution • But what if our problem does not give us the z score? How do we find it? • There is an equation that we can use: • X = the measurement we have from the problem.

  14. Z-scores A z-score is calculated as z = A positive z-score means the value of x is above the mean. A negative z-score means the value of x is below the mean. A z-score of 0 means the value of x is equal to m, the mean.

  15. Normal Distribution • This equation says to take the measurement we have (x) , subtract the mean (μ) from it to get the distance from μ, • Then divide this distance by the standard deviation (σ) to find the number of standard deviations that this distance represents. • Z = the number of standard deviations away from the mean (μ)

  16. Normal Distribution • Say we have a measurement of 10 seconds. We know the mean is 7 seconds, and the standard deviation is 2 seconds. The z score then is • 10 – 7 = 3 • 3 / 2 = 1.5 • The measurement is 1.5 standard deviations away from the mean of 7.

  17. Z-scores Suppose the monthly utility bill for residents in the area during June follows a normal distribution with a mean of $100 and a standard deviation of $15. Find and interpret the z-score for a bill of: a) $80 b) $133 z = = -1.33 z = = 2.20 A bill of $80 is 1.33 standard A bill of $133 is 2.20 deviations below the mean standard deviations above utility bill amount. the mean utility bill amount.

  18. The Standard Normal Distribution The table in the back of your book gives P(0 < Z < a) for any positive number a. What is P(0 < Z < 2.15)? We are interested in the area under the standard normal curve between 0 and 2.15 on the horizontal number line. *Be aware of the difference between the z-score values on the horizontal axis and the area under the curve. Keys to answering probability questions: DRAW PICTURES! Use pictures including 0 in the range to make puzzle pieces which fit together to give you the picture you want.

  19. P(0<Z<z0) Using the Standard Normal Table Standard normal probabilities have been calculated and are provided in a table . The tabulated probabilities correspond to the area between Z=0 and some Z = z0 >0 Z = z0 Z = 0

  20. Standard Normal Distribution – Example 1 What is P(0 < Z < 2.15)? So, we look for z = 2.1 + 0.05 in the back of our book. Hence, P(0 < Z < 2.15) = 0.484

  21. Standard Normal Distribution – Example 2 What is P(0 < Z < 1.26)? So, we look for z = 1.2 + 0.06 in the back of our book. Hence, P(0 < Z < 1.26) = 0.396

  22. Normal Distribution – Steps In general, the steps in finding a probability associated with data which comes from a normal distribution are: Identify the mean and standard deviation for the data Identify the values of interest convert the values of interest into z-scores use the normal curve areas table summarize the results

  23. 0% 10% Normal Distribution – Example 1 • The rate of return (X) on an investment is normally distributed with mean of 10% and standard deviation of 5% • What is the probability of losing money? X 0 - 10 5 .4772 (i) P(X< 0 ) = P(Z< ) = P(Z< - 2) Z 2 -2 0 =P(Z>2) = 0.5 - P(0<Z<2) = 0.5 - .4772 = .0228

  24. Normal Distribution – Example 2 Suppose the amount of soda in 12 oz cans of Diet Coke is normally distributed with m = 12.05 oz and s = 0.05 oz. a) What is the probability a randomly selected can has less than 12 ounces of soda? Solution: Let X = amount of soda in a randomly selected can. P(X < 12) is equivalent to the following: = But P(Z < -1.00) = 0.5 – 0.341 = 0.159. So the answer to P(X < 12) is 0.159.

  25. Example 3 The amount of time it takes to assemble a computer is normally distributed, with a mean of 50 minutes and a standard deviation of 10 minutes. What is the probability that a computer is assembled in a time between 45 and 60 minutes?

  26. Finding Normal Probabilities • Solution • If X denotes the assembly time of a computer, we seek the probability P(45<X<60). • This probability can be calculated by creating a new normal variable the standard normal variable. Every normal variable with some m and s, can be transformed into this Z. Therefore, once probabilities for Z are calculated, probabilities of any normal variable can be found.

  27. Finding Normal Probabilities • Example - continued - m 45 - 50 X 60 - 50 P(45<X<60) = P( < < ) s 10 10 = P(-0.5 < Z < 1) To complete the calculation we need to compute the probability under the standard normal distribution

  28. - m 45 - 50 X 60 - 50 P(45<X<60) = P( < < ) s 10 10 z0 = 1 z0 = -.5 Finding Normal Probabilities • Example - continued = P(-.5 < Z < 1) We need to find the shaded area

  29. - m 45 - 50 X 60 - 50 P(45<X<60) = P( < < ) s 10 10 z0 = 1 z0 =-.5 Finding Normal Probabilities • Example - continued = P(-.5<Z<1) = P(-.5<Z<0)+ P(0<Z<1) P(0<Z<1 .3413 z=0

  30. Finding Normal Probabilities • The symmetry of the normal distribution makes it possible to calculate probabilities for negative values of Z using the table as follows: -z0 +z0 0 P(-z0<Z<0) = P(0<Z<z0)

  31. Finding Normal Probabilities • Example - continued .3413 .1915 -.5 .5

  32. .1915 .1915 .1915 .1915 Finding Normal Probabilities • Example - continued .3413 1.0 -.5 .5 P(-.5<Z<1) = P(-.5<Z<0)+ P(0<Z<1) = .1915 + .3413 = .5328

  33. Normal Distribution – Example 4 Suppose the amount of soda in 12 oz cans of Diet Coke is normally distributed with m = 12.05 oz and s = 0.05 oz. b) What is the probability a randomly selected can contains between 11.98 and 12.03 ounces of soda? So P(11.98 < X < 12.03) is equivalent to

  34. Normal Distribution – Example 5 Suppose the amount of hours worked per week for full time students follows a normal distribution with m = 20 hours and s = 4.5 hours. What is the probability that a randomly selected full time student works: a) more than 26 hours during one week? b) between 15 and 22 hours during one week? c) less than 15 hours during one week? d) between 25 and 30 hours during one week?

  35. Normal Distribution – Backwards Problems These exercises give you a probability (often as a %), and ask you to find the value of “a” which makes a probability statement true. (ie: P(X > a) = 0.90 for what value of “a”?) Example: Suppose the amount of hours worked per week for full time students follows a normal distribution with m = 20 hours and s = 4.5 hours. 90% of all students work less than how many hours per week? Here, P(X < a) = 0.90 (from 90%). We want to find “a”, but we must begin with the standard normal distribution.

  36. Normal Distribution – Backwards Problems P(Z < b) = 0.90 when P(0 < Z < b) = 0.90 – 0.5 = 0.40. Look for 0.40 in the body of your normal probability table. You should find b = 1.28 (yes, it is positive) Now recall Z = but b = Z and X = a for our exercise. Then 1.28 = , so a = 1.28(4.5) + 20 = 25.76 hours. So, 90% of all full time students work less than 25.76 hours per week.

  37. Using the Normal Distribution to make inferences. • A weekly magazine advertises that the mean number of copies sold per week is 100,000. It is known that the distribution of weekly sales is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 3,500 copies. We suspect that the magazine actually sells fewer copies than advertised. To see if the magazine’s conjectured mean is wrong, we randomly select one week and observe the magazine’s sales.

  38. Question 1 • If the magazine’s advertised mean sales per week are correct, give a complete description of the magazine’s weekly sales figures.

  39. Answer 1 • The distribution should be a “normal” shape, with the mean of 100,000, and z marks at 89.5, 93.0, 96.5, 100, 103.5, 107, and 110.5 (thousands)

  40. Question 2 • Suppose that when one week’s sales of the magazine are randomly sampled, there were 90,000 copies sold. If the advertised mean is correct, what is the probability that one week’s sales would be 90,000 copies or less?

  41. Answer 2 • The z value for 90,000 would be -2.86 • (90,000 – 100,000)/3,500 • The p-value for -2.86 is • 0.5000 – 0.4979 = 0.0021

  42. Question 3 • Would observing the week with sales of 90,000 copies be contradictory to the magazine’s advertised mean of 100,000 copies per week? Explain

  43. Answer 3 • If the advertised mean were correct, there is a 0.21% probability that we could observe a week with sales of 90,000 or less. This is not much probability. • This observation seems to contradict the original claim of 100,000 copies per week.

  44. Probability rule • If the probability of an observed sample is 0.05 or less, assuming the truth of some conjecture, then the sample is contradictory to that conjecture. Otherwise, the sample is not contradictory to the conjecture.

  45. Inference Making Procedure • Let μ be the conjectured value of the mean of a normal population with standard deviation σ. Let x be a randomly sampled value from this population. To see if the sampled value of x is contradictory to the conjectured mean, complete the following steps:

  46. 1. Sketch the normal distribution assuming that the conjectured value of μ is correct. Mark the observed value of x on your sketch. • 2. Find the z-score corresponding to the observed value of x using

  47. 3. Using the p-value table, find the probability of observing a value from the distribution that is as far from the mean as x, or further. • 4. If the probability found in Step 3 is less than 0.05, the observed value of x is contradictory to the conjectured value of the mean. Otherwise, it is not contradictory.

More Related