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NING Zongjun Purple Mountain Observatory

I. Investigation the Neupert effect in the various intervals of solar flares II. Thermal and nonthermal energies in solar flares. NING Zongjun Purple Mountain Observatory. Open question: 1. Does a Neupert-type (electron-beam heating) flare follow this effect during its lifetime?

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NING Zongjun Purple Mountain Observatory

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  1. I. Investigation the Neupert effect in the various intervals of solar flares II.Thermal and nonthermal energies in solar flares NING Zongjun Purple Mountain Observatory

  2. Open question: 1. Does a Neupert-type (electron-beam heating) flare follow this effect during its lifetime? 2. How many nonthermal energies could efficiently transfer into the thermal energies which can be traced by observations?

  3. Nuepert-type flare From the Neupert effect (SXR & HXR or MW), the thermal energy is expected to increase with time during the nonthermal energy input. Based on this concept, we explore the relation between thermal and nonthermal energies to test the Neupert effect at various intervals of flare.

  4. Method Eth: thermal energy (erg) Pnth: nonthermal energy input (ergs-1) is the energy transfer rate

  5. 2003-11-13 flare TemperatureEMEthPnth Phase1 2 3

  6. Correlation 右图单位有问题 2 3 Phase 1

  7. 2004-11-04 flare TemperatureEMEthPnth Phase1 2 3

  8. Corr. for other three flares

  9. Three phases Phase 1: Neupert effect (heating dominant) Phase 2: Neupert effect(heating gt cooling) Phase 3: No (cooling dominant)

  10. Summary 1 Ignoring the uncertainties to estimate the thermal and nonthermal energies: • 1. The Neupert-type flare does not hold this effect during its lifetime. (in Phases 1 and 2, not in phase 3). • 2. In Neupert-type flare,about 2-20% nonthermal energy can be efficiently transfered into thermal energy which is traced by the observations. (Ning & Cao 2010) Question: If the cooling effects (radiation + conduction) would be considered, does the Nuepert-type flare hold this effect in phase 3 as well?

  11. 2005-09-13 flare T EM Eth Volume Pradiation Pconduction Index Lower Cutoff Pnth

  12. How to estimate the cooling? T: temperatureEM: emission measureL: temperature scale length (~10-6 cm-1)(Fisher et al. 1990; Cargill et al .1995; Veronig et al. 2005; Aschwanden 2007)

  13. Thermal energies • Eth:observational thermal energy • Erad:radiation loss energy • Econd:conduction loss energy • Etot = Eobs+Erad+Econd

  14. Phase 3 Derivative of Etot Nonthermal input ResultsEtot =Eth+ Erad+ Econd Derivative of Eth

  15. correlation

  16. Summary 2 Consideration the radiation and conduction loss energies, 1, a high correlation is obtained between the derivative of total thermal energies (Eobs+Econd+Erad) and nonthermal energy input (Pnth) from start to end, indicating the Neupert effect in phase 3. • ~ 12% fraction of the known energy is efficiently and stable transferred into the thermal energy from start to end. (Ning et al. 2010, submitted)

  17. Thanks! Welcome to Nanjing for 11th REHSSI workshop (2011)!

  18. Correlation between Eth & Prad+Pcond

  19. 2005-09-13 flare

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