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2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

3. Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Section 3 Energy Transfer Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling

4. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Objectives • Identifya key theme in ecology. • Describean example showing the effects of interdependence upon organisms in their environment. • Identifythe importance of models to ecology. • Statethe five different levels of organization at which ecology can be studied.

5. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Interdependence: A Key Theme in Ecology • Organisms and Their Environments • Species interact with both other species and their nonliving environment. • Interdependence is a theme in ecology—one change can affect all species in an ecosystem.

6. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Ecological Models • Ecological models help to explain the environment.

7. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Making an Ecosystem Model

8. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Levels of Organization • Ecologists recognize a hierarchy of organization in the environment: biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, and organism.

9. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Levels of Organization

10. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Levels of Organization, continued • The Biosphere • The broadest, most inclusive level of organization is thebiosphere,the volume of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life.

11. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Levels of Organization, continued • Ecosystems • The biosphere is composed of smaller units called ecosystems. • An ecosystemincludes all of the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place.

12. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Ecosystem

13. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Levels of Organization, continued • Communities, Populations, and Organisms • Acommunityis all the interacting organisms living in an area. • Below the community level of organization is thepopulationlevel,where the focus is on the individual organisms of a single species.

14. Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Chapter 18 Community

15. Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Chapter 18 Objectives • Compareabiotic factors with biotic factors, and list two examples of each. • Describetwo mechanisms that allow organisms to survive in a changing environment. • Explainthe concept of the niche.

16. Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Chapter 18 Ecosystem Components • Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Bothbiotic, or living, factors andabiotic, or nonliving, factors influence organisms. Examples of abiotic factors are climate, sunlight, and pH.

17. Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Chapter 18 Comparing Biotic and Abiotic Factors Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

18. Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Chapter 18 Organisms in a Changing Environment • Acclimation • Some organisms can adjust their tolerance to abiotic factors through the process ofacclimation.

19. Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Chapter 18 Organisms in a Changing Environment, continued • Control of Internal Conditions • Conformers are organisms that do not regulate their internal conditions; they change as their external environment changes. • Regulators use energy to control some of their internal conditions.

20. Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Chapter 18 Organisms in a Changing Environment, continued • Escape from Unsuitable Conditions • Some species survive unfavorable environmental conditions by becoming dormant or by migrating.

21. Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Chapter 18 The Niche • A nicheis a way of life, or a role in an ecosystem.

22. Section 2 Ecology Of Organisms Chapter 18 Earthworm Niche

23. Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Chapter 18 Niche Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

24. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Objectives • Summarizethe role of producers in an ecosystem. • Identifyseveral kinds of consumers in an ecosystem. • Explainthe important role of decomposers in an ecosystem. • Comparethe concept of a food chain with that of a food web. • Explainwhy ecosystems usually contain only a few trophic levels.

25. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Producers • Most producersare photosynthetic and make carbohydrates by using energy from the sun.

26. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Producers, continued • Measuring Productivity • Gross primary productivityis the rate at which producers in an ecosystem capture the energy of sunlight by producing organic compounds. • The rate at which biomass accumulates is callednet primary productivity.

27. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Consumers • Consumersobtain energy by eating other organisms and include herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, detritivores, and decomposers.

28. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Comparing Consumers and Producers Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

29. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Energy Flow • Food Chains and Food Webs • A single pathway of energy transfer is afood chain. • A network showing all paths of energy transfer is a food web.

30. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Food Chains and Food Webs

31. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Food Chain in an Antarctic Ecosystem

32. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Food Web in an Antarctic Ecosystem

33. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Energy Flow, continued • Energy Transfer • Ecosystems contain only a few trophic levels because there is a low rate of energy transfer between each level.

34. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Energy Transfer Through Trophic Levels

35. Section 3 Energy Transfer Chapter 18 Energy Pyramid

36. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Objectives • Listfour major biogeochemical cycles. • Summarizethree important processes in the water cycle. • Outlinethe major steps in the carbon cycle. • Describethe role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle. • Summarizethe major steps of the phosphorus cycle.

37. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 The Water Cycle • Key processes in thewatercycleare evaporation, transpiration, and precipitation.

38. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Water Cycle

39. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Water Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

40. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 The Carbon Cycle • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the two main steps in thecarbon cycle.

41. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Carbon Cycle

42. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Carbon Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

43. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen-fixing bacteriaare important in thenitrogen cyclebecause they change nitrogen gas into a usable form of nitrogen for plants.

44. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Nitrogen Cycle

45. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Nitrogen Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

46. Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Chapter 18 Phosphorus Cycle • In thephosphorus cycle,phosphorus moves from phosphate deposited in rock, to the soil, to living organisms, and finally to the ocean.

47. Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What are the levels of organization in ecology? A. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, body B. organ, organism, population, community C. organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere D. population, habitat, ecosystem, biogeochemical system, planet

48. Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. What are the levels of organization in ecology? A. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, body B. organ, organism, population, community C. organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere D. population, habitat, ecosystem, biogeochemical system, planet

49. Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What makes up an ecosystem? F. all the habitat types on Earth G. all parts of Earth where life exists H. all members of a species in the same area J. all the living and nonliving factors in an environment

50. Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What makes up an ecosystem? F. all the habitat types on Earth G. all parts of Earth where life exists H. all members of a species in the same area J. all the living and nonliving factors in an environment