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UNFCCC MEET – COP – 21 INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

UNFCCC MEET – COP – 21 INDIAN PERSPECTIVE. Presented by DR. KIRIT N SHELAT, I.A.S. ( Rtd ) NCCSD. Presentation made to Shri Prakash Javadekar Hon’ble Minister for the Department of Environment, Forests & Climate Change. NCCSD is a non-profit non-government organisation

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UNFCCC MEET – COP – 21 INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

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  1. UNFCCC MEET – COP – 21INDIAN PERSPECTIVE Presented by DR. KIRIT N SHELAT, I.A.S. (Rtd) NCCSD Presentation made to ShriPrakashJavadekarHon’ble Minister for the Department of Environment, Forests & Climate Change 15TH June 2015

  2. NCCSD is a non-profit non-government organisation Promotes sustainable agriculture to tackle impacts of Climate Change At the local level with involvement of Public Leadership both elected and non- elected members of Public Governance System and Youth NCCSD is headed by Justice B P Singh Formerly Judge of Supreme Court of India. It is also accredited with UNFCCC as an Observer organization National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  3. NCCSD’s team participated in … NCCSD is accredited organization as observer organization with UNFCCC . Since last three years, its’ team led by Justice B. P. Singh • participating in COP meets. • Organizing Side Events and holding exhibition • It has collaborated in such events with Government of Israel, Oban state of Africa and other NGOs. • It is also holding exhibition in :Global Landscape Meet” • During the current year, NCCSD team is participating Technological Need Assessment Exercise with Agriculture University and NGO for farmers with partnership of Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University, Florida, U.S.A. • The endavour of NCCSD is to focus on sustainable development in arena of climate change. It is also projecting India’s successful experiences in developing Climate Smart Agriculture. • The objective presentation is to highlight opportunities that exists for India in UNFCCC and in other developing countries by focusing on agriculture as it is the key meet challenge of Food Security and Food for hungry millions. It is also under threat due to adverse impact of climate change.

  4. Agriculture & Farmers cannot be compromised at the Paris meeting India should gain from international negotiations through a climate justice perspective with ... • Special emphasis on climate smart agriculture • Recognize the invaluable role farmers play • Provide them technical assistance through climate smart good practices • Showcase good work from India on crop soil water and productivity management • Poor Farmers have to also be given support from Green Fund for climate smart agriculture • Encourage climate smart agriculture through knowledge networks • Strengthen locally relevant knowledge resources through hands on orientation to soil health analyses • Improve post – harvest value added agriculture.

  5. PRIOTITIZING AGRICULTURE National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  6. Mainstream agriculture as an integrated mitgation adaptation tool The Farmer Focus. NCCSD feels that in order to attain objective of climate change convention of all countries following need urgent attention and bold action. Objective is mitigation of global warming by reduction of GHG by those countries directly responsible for it. They do not seem to be concerned enough about those who suffer due to such warming. UNFCCC is rightly pursuing the path of moderation to bring about an agreement on limits and ways and means to implement this. This will be definitely achieved in long term. Even if this is achieved say in very near future, in Paris its impact in balancing nature is likely to take time. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  7. Three cross cutting challenges In the meanwhile, world is experiencing adverse impacts. There are droughts, crop failures due to irregular rainfall, or scarcity of rainfall in small part of the world, while in other parts have floods due to heavy rainfall, Tsunamis-cyclones, tornados. All these are affecting habitat most adversely and affecting agriculture. This has already affected world’s capacity to produce enough food to meet the current demand. Currently the world is not producing enough food hence world is becoming difficult to meet future growing demand for food and agriculture products seem difficult. All these are further aggravated by continuous civil war in many parts of the world which has disturbed farming activity with un-predictable migration. The current situation is therefore serious. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  8. Agriculture a robust tool Promoting Development of existing Agriculture and expanding it in new areas is the solution to all these problems. Agriculture provides food, employment and sustainable livelihood to majority of population of the developing world which would be victim of suffering. Agriculture - due to its unique photosynthesis process, absorbs CO2 from atmosphere and releases oxygen. It is the only known technology by which CO2 is absorbed which has the major share in causing global warming National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  9. Four reasons agriculture is on the back seat Unfortunately role of agriculture in meeting global challenge of food security, food to hungry millions or as an important mitigation tool has not been recognized. It has not been given its due importance in UNFCCC. In fact agriculture is put on par with industries/mining which are the net polluter while agriculture does the opposite. As when an Industry/Urban township comes into existence, it erodes agriculture hence CO2 absorption by that land stops. This is not added on Industry’s account. While agriculture absorbs CO2. While agriculture absorbs CO2 , but while calculating its emission, this absorption is not dictated. . This is an injustice. In the arena of the climate change and the impact of global warming - although an international phenomena, its adverse impact is at local level on livelihood of farmers as that is the only source of income to them. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  10. Mobilization of Resources from UNFCCC Green Fund This as a very big opportunity for our country. Certain very big projects can be taken across the country related to rural areas and farmers. They will require direct involvement and coordination from Ministry of Environment for: developing project profile and later on get it implemented through states. this will go a long way in transforming Indian agriculture, strengthen food security and provide livelihood to hungry millions. These projects can be proposed as under: National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  11. Mobilization of Resources from UNFCCC Green Fund Community Bio-Gas plants by Milk Producer’s Cooperative. This can be mobilized through District Milk Union or State Milk Federation. Every state has one. 100,000 Community Biogas plats could be proposed. They will reduce “Methane” emission and provide cheap energy to rural house hold that will reduce smoke and less use of fuel wood. Construction of One Million Checks Dams. Check Dam brings up water table, recharge wells – reduce consumption of power and enhance crop area – by adding second crops. In Gujarat this has already happened. Gujarat constructed 200000 check dams when Hon’ble Prime Minister was the Chief Minister of Gujarat, which transformed agriculture of drought prone areas of Saurashtra and Kutch. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  12. Mobilization of Resources from UNFCCC Green Fund 3. Agro-forestry in wasteland, wetlands and margin Areas of seashore and desert. Bamboo, Prosopis- Juliflora , Mangrove, Castruna can be successfully planted. Even salinity resistant Rice, Caster seeds and inland fisheries could be promoted. Country has apparently 3 M. Ha of such land resources. Project can be initiated with 100000 ha. This project will increase CO2 absorption and enhance release of Oxygen through natural photosynthesis process and can be a major mitigation project which will enhance Food Security and provide livelihood opportunities to poor families. Development of Grassland: Country has very sturdy and drought resistant grass verities like Panicum Maximum, CenchrusCiliaris and Stylosantheshamata which survive in most difficult terrain of arid areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Silvipasture development can be undertaken in 100,000 hectors of our arid areas. They will promote livelihood and will support milch cattle simultaneously enhance CO2 mitigation. All above can of course be done under public private partnership. This can also be a part of Green Mission of the Ministry. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  13. The Win-Win Situation

  14. Promote and Mainstream Agriculture • Agriculture has lost sight in development, and efforts are focused elsewhere, but not looking back at nature that provides solutions • Says Shri KantisenShroff– Founder of Shrujan and the Veteran NGO, “In our sunlit tropical areas all our natural resources are through the process of photosynthesis which is natural process of each and every plant including grass. • That means the CO2 from the atmosphere forms the basis of all resources absorbed through this process and we get back oxygen which is released as its consequence. We have measured these conversions and seen the positive changes in the environment at local level”

  15. Interesting Aspects of Carbon Assimilation by Plants • The atmospheric CO2stimulates the process of photosynthesis and consequently plant growth. The extent of this stimulation varies for forest (up to 60 %), for pastures, and crops (about 14 %) • There are three basic types of photosynthesis: C3, C4, and CAM. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages. Approximately, 35 % of the terrestrial plants are C3 species, while 1 % is C4. 4% use the CAM pathway of photosynthesis (Bowes G, 1993) • (Bowes G. 1993: Facing the Inevitable: plants and Increasing Atmospheric CO2. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 44:309-332) • According to one estimate, a single row of trees with or without shrubs can reduce particulate matter by 25% and each hectare (2.471 acres) of plantation can produce enough oxygen for about 45 persons per year/day • The foliage of a single mature beech tree (Fagussylvatica), for example, can extract more than 2.5kg of CO2 from the atmosphere, and produce 1.7kg (3.7lb) of oxygen in one hour, which in theory is enough for the needs of ten people in a year

  16. Carbon Sequestration • Actions taken to sequester carbon in biomass and soils have a positive impact on environment and biodiversity • The increase in soil carbon storage increases the soil fertility, land productivity and prevents soil degradation. Therefore, this constitutes a win - win situation, but we need to take note of it and enhance its function • In fact we have gone through such adversities due to change in climate or otherwise over last centuries and in many places, we have overcome such difficult situation by persistent efforts by balancing management and use of soil, water and vegetation in sun-lit areas of India.

  17. Let us look at some real life experiences

  18. Carbon storage (t/ha) of different crops

  19. Carbon or storage by some grains (t/ha)

  20. Carbon Storage (t/ha) The carbon storage is evident and significant across annuals to perennials and would serve as a classical example of w/w situation.

  21. Rice Cultivation: Facts on Sequestering CO2 • Rice cultivation is both an important sequestration process of CO2 from the atmosphere and also an important source of GHG emission • For example, the global paddy rice output was 607.3 mt at 14% moisture contentin 2004 • At the grain/straw ratio of 0.9 for most currently planted rice varieties, the global rice straw output in 2004 was about 676 million tonnes at 14% moisture content • This means that in 2004, rice sequestered about 1.74 billion tonnes of CO2 from the atmosphere to produce about 1.16 billion tonnes of biomass at 0% moisture content emissions • Rice crops act a sink for CO2e.g. NICRA Studies

  22. Carbon sequestration in SilvipastureSystems in rangelands (after 4 years)

  23. The International Experience • Same area • Same rainfall • Same soils • Same plant species • Same season (pictures taken on the same day) • La Inmaculadaactually has more cattle than the drier range The only difference is management

  24. Consumption of CO2 (ha-1) • Says Tony Lovell, one ha is 10,000 sq. m. If a hectare of soil 33.5 cm deep, with a bulk density of 1.4 t m-3 is considered, there is a soil mass per hectare of about 4,700 t • If appropriate management practices were adopted and these practices achieved and sustained a 1% increase in soil organic matter (SOM), then 47 t of SOM per ha will be added to organic matter stocks held below the soil surface • This 47 t of SOM will contain ~27 t of soil C(I.e. 47 t at 58% C) per ha • In the absence of other inputs, this Cmay only be derived from the atmosphere via the natural function known as the photosynthetic process. To place approximately 27 t of soil C per hectare in, ~100 t of CO2 must be consumed out of the atmosphere by photosynthesis • A 1% change in SOM across 5 billion ha (estimated waste land in the world) will sequester 500 billion tones of physical CO2

  25. May-06 Use of Wasteland • India has wasteland of 1.30 m ha – mostly acidic and/or saline • This may be similar in other parts of developing world • Technology is available for salinity – resistant crops, trees including horticulture. This could be fruitfully grown in these areas providing sustainable livelihood. This will help enhance cultivable areas • Acid soil treatments could further improve agricultural production, for instance, in the highly eroded soils, particularly in the hills • PPP programme August-06 August-07

  26. Use of Wetland • Majority of such land is not surveyed and is spread along the huge coast line of the country • Wetlands may be converted into major production areas for sea food - fisheries, vegetation, and medicinal plants, makhana, lotus and sighada with changing management practices for production of rice to reduce anaerobic decomposition that is the major source of methane • All these have huge internal and external markets and will be a great support for food security • A PPP model could be introduced. This is essential to make up reduction in the area under agriculture due to industrialization, mining, expansion of urban areas and infrastructure of highways and railways • Wetland is an area of land where soil is saturated with moisture permanently or seasonally covered by sea water

  27. Urban Agriculture - A new Initiative • Need to promote Urban Agriculture/Vertical • Majority of urban households have some open land • Even in the multi-storey buildings, there is some kind of tree grows, grasses or ornamental plants • Even people staying in the flats like to keep plants in pots in lobby area • A gap about knowledge of agricultural practices regarding plants to be grown and treating them • Agro-techniques of these urbanized plants are different • No urban agriculture extension centers or even Agro-Service centers where such guidance could be available along with basic inputs of seeds, fertilizers, farm equipments, etc are available.

  28. Farming is failing further due to Adverse climate – Unpredictable weather changes - some of which are very severe like drought or cyclone or unseasonal weather change. Lack of Climate Smart Agriculture. Lack of transfer of technology from “ Those who have it” to “Those who need it”. Lack of strategy and provision of resources to bring existing/new areas under agriculture from wasteland and wetland which are in abundance. They can be used for cultivation and will expand the area under agriculture National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  29. Therefore, time has come for UNFCCC and UN to…. Provide leadership for prioritizing agriculture in deliberation as most important agenda in COP meet which may include: Promoting Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in developing countries Bring wasteland and wetland under production – particularly for livestock, fisheries, salinity resistant crops and provide financial resources. Make available Carbon Credit to private players who take up such projects. Make available the experience and technology for “those who have it” to “ those who need it”. Set up knowledge Bank of successful experiences, practices and available technologies in all languages of the world. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  30. Can improve productivity in entire agriculture sector at rapid rate. This has already happened in drought affected states of India like Gujarat, Rajasthan, M.P. in last decade. Therefore NCCSD submits that India may be moved to reconsider its stand in regard to agriculture and come out as a Leader to urge countries of the world to act on this and share knowledge and experiences from “those who have it” to “Those who need it”. These will be in fact welcomed by all world leaders because there can’t be disagreement on this agenda. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  31. Therefore, time has come for UNFCCC and UN to…. Provide leadership for prioritizing agriculture in deliberation as most important agenda in COP meet which may include: Promoting Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in developing countries Bring wasteland and wetland under production – particularly for livestock, fisheries, salinity resistant crops and provide financial resources. Make available Carbon Credit to private players who take up such projects. Make available the experience and technology for “those who have it” to “ those who need it”. Set up knowledge Bank of successful experiences, practices and available technologies in all languages of the world. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  32. Therefore, time has come for UNFCCC and UN to…. Many developing countries of the world are loosing on agriculture There is an increasing demand for food, vegetable , fruits , dairy products and meat due rapid urbanization and phenomenal growth of urbanities. India has second largest arable land in the world Indian can provide with appropriate push under “Green Fund” increased in agriculture and enhance food production like salinity resistant rice and more particularly fodder production to support and expand livestock/cattle In the years to come, countries which have command and stock of food and allied products are going to dictate the terms, trade and political relationship. India can play a unique role. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

  33. Let's Learn & Share Together for a global mission Mainstreaming Agriculture for Climate Change Mitigation

  34. Thank You for your patient hearing Dr. KiritShelat National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD) Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad – 380 009. Gujarat, INDIA. Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M) Email: drkiritshelat@gmail.com, info@nccsdindia.org Website: www.nccsdindia.org

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