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HRM 601 Organizational Behavior

Explore how specific and difficult goals, goal acceptance, and goal feedback can motivate employees. Learn about different types of incentives for individuals and groups, and understand why pay fails to motivate in some cases. Discover how to design jobs for teams and implement business process re-engineering for improved performance. Finally, understand the demand-control model of job strain and the role of social support in reducing job strain.

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HRM 601 Organizational Behavior

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  1. HRM 601 Organizational Behavior Session 6 Motivational Applications

  2. Goals That Motivate • Specific Goals • Difficult Goals • Goal Acceptance • Goal Feedback

  3. Why Goals Motivate • Mobilize energy in relation to goal • Focus attention towards goals attainment • Encourages setting of action plans or strategies for goal attainment • Encourages persistence until goal is attained

  4. Enhancing Goal Acceptance • Participation • Rewards • Supportiveness

  5. Incentives for Individuals • For Executives • Compensation tied to achieving strategic goals • For Lower Level Employees • Tied to performance: bonuses, commissions, piecework

  6. Incentives for Groups • Team incentives • Profit sharing • Gain sharing • Stock options

  7. Where Pay Fails to Motivate • Bonuses or merit pay is too small • Non-existent link between pay and performance • Performance appraisal is done poorly • Effect of unions • Adaptation problems

  8. Effective Reward Systems • Set high goals for performance • Develop accurate ways to measure performance • Train supervisors in performance appraisal • Link pay to performance • Make increases noticeable and meaningful

  9. Hackman & Oldham’s Job Characteristics Model Core Dimensions Psychological States Outcomes Skill Variety Task Identity Task Signif. High intrinsic motivation High job per- ormance High job satis- faction Low absentee ism & turnover Meaningfulness of Work Responsibility for outcomes Autonomy Knowledge of Results Feedback

  10. Moderating Variables for the Job Characteristics Model • Growth need strength • job is a vehicle for personal growth, sense of achievement, avenue for feeling success • Knowledge and skills • Satisfaction with extrinsic aspects of work

  11. Motivating Potential Score Skill Variety +Task Identity+Task Significance 3 MPS = X Autonomy X Feedback

  12. Implementing Concepts for the Job Characteristics Model • Combine tasks: Effects skill variety, task identity, & task significance • Group tasks into natural work units: Effects task significance and task identity • Give workers contact with customers: Effects skill variety, autonomy, feedback • Vertically load jobs: Effects autonomy • Open feedback channels: Effects feedback

  13. Criticisms of the Job Characteristics Model • Job characteristics are not distinct • Link to critical psychological states is not clear • Individual differences have an important effect • Job outcomes are not clearly linked to job characteristics

  14. Designing Jobs for Teams • Team has to be an identifiable group, doing a specified piece of work, and be self-managing • Key behaviors: Ask for ideas, give suggestions,. listen to others, share information, help others • Manager’s role: Make alterations needed for effective group performance, consult

  15. Business Process Re-engineering • The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance such as quality, service and speed. (Hammer & Champy, 1993)

  16. What BPR Is & Is Not • Deals with business processes (work activities with a beginning & end with inputs & outputs) • Process is difficult to see • Does not deal with structure • Structure is easily seen • Not replacement of computer systems • Not technology initiated • Not a piecemeal approach

  17. Role of Technology in BPR • Re-engineering originally used with change in software systems or hardware • These changes in Information Technology often accompany BPR • Information technology support BPR and enables the reconstruction of work

  18. Demand -Control Model of Job Strain • Decision latitude and psychological demands • Job strain level and activity level • Interaction of demands and decision making • Social support

  19. Decision Latitude and Psychological Demands • Decision latitudes - Combination of decision making authority and opportunity to use and develop skills on the job • Psychological demands - The mental workload or intellectual requirements of the job

  20. Job Strain Level and Activity Level • Job strain level - level of stress derived from the workplace. Job strain relates positively to feelings of passivity and helplessness on the job • Activity level - Level of job demands in relation to decision latitude. • High activity - lawyers, engineers, teachers, nurses • Low activity - clerks, janitors

  21. Interaction of Demands & Decision Making Job demands High Low Active learning, etc. High Active Low Strain Job Decision Latitude High Strain Passive Risk of psychological strain & illness Low

  22. Social Support • Buffering effect on job strain • Social isolation carries risk • Social isolation with high strain carries higher risk

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