The Diversity of Plants

1. The Diversity of Plants Unit 7 Chapter 22

2. Nonvascular plant habitat • Near water source

3. Nonvascular plant size • Because nonvascular plants do not have xylem and phloem, they depend on diffusion to get water and nutrients to each cell. • Consequently, nonvascular plants cannot be large because cells farther away from a water source would die..

4. Rhizoids • Structures that are similar to roots that anchors and absorbs nutrients for the nonvascular plant

5. Alternation of generation life cycle • Antheridium: male structure that produces sperm • Archegonium: female structure that produces egg • Sperm + egg  zygote

6. Alternation of generation life cycle • The zygote grows into a plant structure called a sporophyte. • The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. • The spores grow into a plant structure called a gametophyte.

7. Alternation of generation life cycle • The gametophytes are either male or female. • Male: antheridium • Female: archegonium

8. Prothallus • The fern gametophyte body that develops male (antheridia) or female (archegonia) reproductive structures

9. Sorus on fronds • Structures underneath the frond leaflets of fern plants are called sorus. • These structures produce spores that germinate to form the prothallus.

10. Cones • The structures that bear the male and female reproductive parts in gymnosperms (exposed seed, vascular plants) that produce sperm and egg are called cones. • Most associate cones with pine trees. Large cycad cone

11. Pollen grains • The male gametophytes of seeded plants are pollen grain, which are sperm and nutrients packaged within a protective coat. • These structures carry sperm cells to an egg. Pine pollen grain with air pockets to help the structure stay afloat in the air

12. Pollen grains in flowering plants • Flowering plants produce pollen grains within the male reproductive structures on flowers.

13. Ovule in flowering plants • The ovule is a protected structure that produces eggs.

14. Seed development in flowering plants • Sperm + egg  zygote • The zygote develops into an embryo found within a seed. • The seed may have one or two structures (cotyledons) that store food. • Monocot: plants that make one cotyledon seeds • Dicot: plants that make two cotyledon seeds

15. Dicot seed germination (ex: bean)

16. Fruit • Only plants that produce flowers produce fruits. • The fruit is a covering that either helps the seed fly through the air or entices animals to eat the fruit to disperse the seeds.

17. Evergreen vs. deciduous plants • Evergreen: plants that retain leaves over winter • Deciduous: plants that drop leaves over winter evergreen deciduous

18. Annual plants • produce seeds that survive harsh winters, but parent plant dies after one year

19. Biennial plants • Life cycle lasts two generations (years) • Year 1: develop root system, storing sugars • Year 2: flowers, fruits, and form seeds

20. Perennial plants • Plants that live for multiple years, continuously producing viable seeds • Usually during winter, leaves drop but the wood stems survive.