Integration of Internet and Wireless Technologies

1. Integration of Internet and Wireless Technologies Saud A. Al-Semari Center for Communications and Computer Research, KFUPM E-mail: semari@ieee.org

2. Outline • Introduction • Wireless Data • GPRS • WAP • 3rd Generation Wireless Systems • Summary

3. Internet Today • Accessible from Desktop or Laptop Computers • Use of HTML as a standard markup language • HTTP as the standard transfer protocol • Web Browsers for display of content • Facilities like Java Script to add dynamic behavior to HTML documents • By the end of 2000, 300 million users

4. Wireless • By the end of 1999, worldwide cellular subscriber base reached 470 million (8% worldwide) • Worldwide 1999 revenues $280 billion • More mobile phones were shipped in 1999 than the total number of cars and PCs together • Expected to reach 1.4 billion subscribers by 2005 with annual revenue of $700 billion (21% worldwide) • By 2005, cellular penetration will reach 84% in Western Europe and 80% in North America

5. Growth in Wireless Subscribers (1997)

6. Cellular Technologies • GSM is the world’s largest deployed system • 400 operators • 244 million (end of 1999) • Expected to reach 750 million by 2005 • CDMA • 11% of worldwide cellular base (end of 1999) • Expected to reach 26% by 2005

7. Limitations in Wireless • Less bandwidth • More latency • Connection not stable • Availability • Handheld devices • Limited CPU and less memory • Limited power consumption • Smaller displays and limited keyboard • BUT MOBILITY

8. Wireless Data Applications • E-mail download • Fax • News, weather, traffic • Internet, intranet, on-line e-mail • E-commerce • Wireless multimedia

9. Wireless Data Growth • 1998: wireless data is only 4% of wireless traffic • 2005: wireless data will comprise 70% • In Japan, more than 2 million subscribers use their wireless handsets to send e-mail and access the Internet • By 2004, 40% of B2C e-commerce will be initiated from wireless devices • Wireless will be the door to future of communications • Information will be the key to the door

10. Enabling Technologies • GPRS • WAP • 3G

11. Current Data Services in GSM • Cicuit Switched operation • Uplink and downlink channels allocated for a user for the entire call • The user pays for the connection time not for the amout of data • Connection establishment time ~ 20 seconds • Connection to any modem service in PSTN • Data transmission rate standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s

12. HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) • Already standardized • Bundles several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate)(e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each) • Advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple • Disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission

13. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) • General: not restricted to GSM • Packet switching • Service, not System: existing BSS (partially also NSS) infrastructure is used • Uses free slots only if data packets ready to send (e.g., 115 kbit/s using 8 slots temporarily)

14. GPRS Features • Resources are reserved only when needed and charged accordingly • Connection setup times are reduced • Flexible channel allocation • one to eight time slots • available resources shared by active users • up and down link channels reserved separately • GPRS and circuit switched GSM services can use same time slots alternatively • Disadvantage: more investment needed

15. GPRS Applications • IP based applications • WWW, FTP, Telnet, … • Any conventional TCP/IP based applications • X.25 based applications • GPRS specific protocol based • Point-to-point applications • Point-to-multipoint applications • Weather info, road traffic info, news • SMS delivery

16. GPRS Network Elements • GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN • GGSN (Gateway GSN): Interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network) • SGSN (Serving GSN): Supports the MS (location, billing, security) • GR (GPRS Register) • User addresses

17. Other Elements • BG (Border Gateway) • (Not defined within GPRS) • Routes packets from SGSN/GGSN of one operator to a SGSN/GGSN of another operator • Provides protection against intruders from external networks • DNS (Domain Name Server) • Translates addresses (i.e. as used in Internet) • Charging Gateway • Collects charging information from SGSNs and GGSNs

18. Public Switched Packet Network Architecture - GSM with GPRS GMSC PSTN Circuit Switched Traffic MSC MAP A-bis ‘A’ HLR/AUC GPRS Register Peer Elements BSC BTS GPRS Register H/VLR PCU MAP Gb SGSN SGSN Packet Traffic Gn GGSN GGSN Gi

19. GPRS mobile types • Class A: • Simultaneous GPRS and conventional GSM operation • Supports simultaneous circuit switched and GPRS data transfer • Class B: • Can be registered for both GPRS and conventional GSM services simultaneously • Supports either circuit switched calls or GPRS data transfer but not simultaneous communication • Class C: • Can only be registered for packet OR circuit but not both.

20. What is WAP? • WAP is the de facto standard for the delivery of internet content over wireless handheld devices. • Supported by most of handset manufacturers and network operators • The WAP Forum is the industry association comprising over 200 members

21. WAP Main Features • Leverages on existing Internet standards, HW and SW • Independent of the air interface • Promotes open standard • Device independent • Provide privacy and security

22. WAP Forum • Started in June 1997 (Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola and phone.com) • WAP 1.0 released (April 1998) • WAP 1.1 released (June 1999) • WAP 1.2 to be released soon

23. Internet with WAP : • Small LCD Screens • HTML » XML - WML • Microbrowsers • WML script Source: Nokia

24. Client Web Server WAP Gateway WML CGI Scripts etc. WML Encoder WML-Script WSP/WTP HTTP WML Decks with WML-Script WMLScript Compiler WTA Protocol Adapters Content Etc. The WAP Architecture Source: WAP forum.

25. A Comparison of Wired and Wireless Internet Source: WAP forum

26. The WAP Microbrowser • Requires minimal RAM, ROM, Display area, processor • power and keys • Provides Internet compatibility to the wireless terminal • Enables wide array of available content and applications • to be displayed to the mobile user

27. Wireless Application Environment • Wireless Markup Language (WML): lightweight markup language designed to meet the constraints of the wireless environment • WML Script: adds more logic and computational functionality • Wireless Telephony Application (WTA): provides an interface to the phone’s features and functions • Wireless Session Protocol (WSP): is the binary version of HTTP 1.1

28. WML • Directly inherits technology from HTML and HDML • No mouse, just keys….. • WML is a tag-based browsing language • Small screen management (text, images on LCDs) • Data input (text, menu bar, selection lists, etc.) • Hyperlinks, keys and navigation support

29. WML Script • Derived from JavaScript™ • Integrated with WML • Powerful extension mechanism (to WML) • Reduces the overall network traffic • Scripting language: • Procedural logic, functions, variables, loops, • conditionals, programming constructs etc. • Optimized for small RAM, small ROM devices with less • powerful processors

30. 3G: What is it? • Wider band -- 5MHz • CDMA 1.25MHz, GSM 200KHz • Mobile multimedia • up to 144Kbps while driving • up to 384Kbps while walking • up to 2Mbps for the home or office • Ubiquity • Global roaming • Dense urban, suburban, rural coverage

31. GSM (9.6 Kbps - circuit) 2.5G: GPRS (115 Kbps - packet) 3G: UMTS (384 Kbps and 2 Mbps - packet) cdmaOne (9.6 and 14.4 Kbps - circuit/packet) cdma2000-1x (144 Kbps - packet) cdma2000-3x (384 Kbps and 2 Mbps - packet) 3G Standards

32. IMT-2000 • Global system for wireless communications • Multi-environment (vehicular, pedestrian, indoor and satellite) • Packet and circuit switched data • Multimedia support • Spectrum in the 2 GHz band

33. IMT-2000 Family of Systems • Originally, IMT-2000 was to embrace a single worldwide wireless standard • It was not possible to unite 2G systems under one 3G technology • To ensure both current investments and global compatibility, IMT-2000 will now be seen as a “family of standards” • All family members must have core networks which interface with other family members

34. Summary • Huge growth in wireless data applications • There exists a huge potential for the marriage of Internet and wireless • Enabling Technologies (GPRS, WAP and 3G) • Wireless => Anywhere • Internet => Anytime • Wireless Internet => ANYWHERE ANYTIME • Other aspects (fixed wireless internet access)

35. More Information • My e-mail: semari@ieee.org • www.wapforum.com • www.ericsson.com • www.nokia.com • www.motorola.com • www.phone.com • www.itu.net/imt-2000/