1 / 67

Creation, Interaction and Expansion of Economic Systems

Creation, Interaction and Expansion of Economic Systems. This theme includes: Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and Socialism. Foundations Unit 8000 BCE – 600 CE. Neolithic Revolution. Traditional Economy

aaralyn
Download Presentation

Creation, Interaction and Expansion of Economic Systems

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Creation, Interaction and Expansion of Economic Systems • This theme includes: • Agricultural and pastoral production • Trade and commerce • Labor systems • Industrialization • Capitalism and Socialism

  2. Foundations Unit8000 BCE – 600 CE

  3. Neolithic Revolution • Traditional Economy • Hunting and gathering • Sedentary agriculture developed between 10,000 and 8,000 BCE • 1st developed in southwestern Asia • Earliest method was slash-and-burn agriculture • Subsistence agriculture • Herding animals (pastoralism) Slash-and-burn agriculture in northeast India

  4. Development of Agriculture

  5. Economic Regions

  6. Early Village Economy • Farming led to the rise of permanent villages • Jericho • Village life led to specialized labor • Development of early industry • Pottery, metallurgy, and textiles

  7. Ancient Civilizations • Mesopotamia, Egypt, & Indus River Valley • Irrigation led to improved agriculture • Development of cities contributed to rise of trade • China • Regular rains & fertile soil minimized irrigation • Olmec • Develop in rainforest; water control systems • Chavin • Develop in mountains; complex irrigation

  8. Nile-Indus Corridor

  9. Pre-classical labor systems • Slavery • Existed in all early civilizations but was relatively unimportant • Most slaves gained through military conquest • Egypt • Used corvée labor to build pyramids & temples • Peasants were bound to the land • Men were organized into labor gangs of 50-100

  10. Pre-classical labor systems • Mesopotamia • Large number of slaves due to militaristic nature of society • Peasants lost their freedom over time • Rise of debt slavery • China • Zhou dynasty peasants paid a percentage of their crops to aristocrats in exchange for protection • Manorial system

  11. Classical Civilizations • Han China • Monopolized production of iron, salt, and liquor • Rise of the Silk Road • Mauryan India • Ashoka built irrigation systems and roads to promote trade • Mayans • Terrace farming improved production of cotton, maize, and cacao

  12. Classical Civilizations • Ancient Greece • Cities, such as Athens, become centers of trade • Economy depended heavily on slavery • Rome • Latifundia – large landed estates focused on commercial agriculture (olive oil, wine, wheat) • North Africa was the major grain producing region • Depended on slave labor • Roman roads promoted trade and linked empire to Silk Road

  13. Cotton The Silk Roads

  14. Classical era labor systems • China • Free peasants were the backbone of the labor force • Peasants ranked just below bureaucrats but above artisans and merchants • Qin Shi Huangdi ended the manorial system • “Recruited” labor to build the Great Wall • Silk weaving supplemented farm income • “Men as tiller, woman as weaver” • During the Han dynasty, slaves made up less than 1% of the total population

  15. Classical era labor systems • Greece & Rome • Slaves never constituted more than 50% of the population • Slaves worked as domestic servants, miners, and farmers • In Greece, slaves could serve as tutors • In Rome, development of commercial agriculture led to the rise of slavery • Rome also used slaves as gladiators and chariot racers

  16. Classical era labor systems • India • Caste system was based largely on job classification • Farmers did not rank high in prestige • Merchants had a higher social standing than they did in China or the Mediterranean • Slaves played almost no role in the economy • Sudras (lowest caste) and untouchables took the place of slaves

  17. Post-Classical Unit600 – 1450

  18. Arabs • Did not rely heavily upon agriculture • Abbasid sakk (checks) encouraged trade • Urbanization: Baghdad • Dar al-Islam facilitated expansion of trade • Islamic law protected merchants • Revival of the Silk Road • Growth of Indian Ocean trade • Dhows increase the volume of maritime trade

  19. Indian Ocean trade routes Chinese junk East Africa gold salt slaves Arab dhow

  20. Labor in the Islamic World • Islamic slaves were viewed as humans rather than just property (chattel) • Slavery was seen as a method of conversion • Slaves were acquired from Africa or central Asia • Abbasid introduced the use of Turkish slave-soldiers • Mamluks • Janissaries (Ottoman Empire)

  21. Post-Classical Empires • Byzantine Empire • Manufactures glassware, jewelry, & silk • Trade a major part of the economy • Mediterranean Sea, Silk Roads, Russia, etc. • Urbanization: Constantinople • Sudanic Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) • Trans-Saharan trade • Use camel caravans to trade gold, slaves, and ivory for horses, manufactured goods, and salt • Urbanization: Timbuktu

  22. Trans-Saharan trade routes

  23. Post-Classical Empires • Swahili Coast • Trade gold and parts of exotic animals to Islamic and Indian merchants for products from Persia, India, and China • Urbanization: Mogadishu, Kilwa, etc. • Great Zimbabwe • Supplies gold to the Swahili coast

  24. Tang/Song China • Emphasis on internal trade • Champa rice & terrace farming • Grand Canal & flying money • Song “pre-Industrial” era • Commercial economy focused on the production of silk, porcelain, & steel • Urbanization: Hangzhou

  25. Post-Classical Empires • Mongols • Pastoralists • Promoted trade on Silk Road via Pax Mongolica • Marco Polo • Japan • Villages relied on rice cultivation • World’s leader in silver production • Trade silver to China for manufactured products • Development of feudalism caused peasants to become serfs

  26. Medieval Europe • Manorialism • Self-sufficient agricultural estates worked by serfs • Three-field system & moldboard plow • Trade revived after 1000 CE • Rise of merchant & craft guilds • Crusades led to an increase in demand for Asian products • Rise of Italian merchants & the Hanseatic league • Urbanization: Italian cities & Paris

  27. Hanseatic League (1400s-1600s)

  28. Post-Classical Empires • Aztecs • Chinampas • Pochteca monopolized long-distance trade • Tribute system • Inca • Built 9,500 miles of roads to facilitate trade • Inca socialism • Use terrace farming to grow potatoes • Mita labor

  29. Early Modern Era1450 - 1750

  30. Rise of World Trade • European exploration • Seeking easier access to Asian luxury products • Columbus discovery of the Americas • Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 • Spain established Manila in 1571 • Manila galleons connect Asian markets to American silver • Trade Empires • Spain/Portugal in the 16th century • Netherlands (Dutch) in the 17th century • England (Great Britain) in the 18th century

  31. European Colonization

  32. World Trade after 1571

  33. Dutch Trade Empire

  34. Western Europe • Commercial Revolution • Rise of a middle class (bourgeoisie) and proletariat • Mercantilism • Rise of manufacturing • Encouraged colonization • Joint Stock Companies • Privately owned with government support • Ex. Dutch East India Co., Royal African Co., Virginia Company

  35. Economy of New Spain • Encomiendas • Manorial system in the New World • Declined with the death of the natives • Plantations • Majority of labor provided by African slaves

  36. Economy of New Spain • Mining • Silver “the Heart of the Empire” • Largest mine was Potosi • Mita labor • Haciendas • Estates focused on cash crops & livestock

  37. Africa & the Slave Trade • Commercial relationship developed between West African kingdoms & Europe • Triangle Trade or the Atlantic System • Slavery was common in Africa • Slave Trade • Trade continued with Muslim merchants • Increase demand caused by sugar plantations • Atlantic slave trade altered traditional African trade routes

  38. African Slave Trade

  39. Emancipation of Slaves

  40. Ming Dynasty • Economic Recovery • Rebuilt irrigation systems destroyed by the Mongols • Increased production of silk textiles & porcelain • “Silver Sink” • Single-whip tax system • Chinese demand for silver contributed to rise of world trade • Limited trade to Macao/Canton

  41. Voyages of Zheng He • Established tributary relationships throughout the Indian Ocean • Exchanged silk & porcelain for other luxuries

  42. Tokugawa Japan • Portugal established trade relations in 1543 • Trade silver to China in exchange for luxury products • 2nd in silver exports behind Spain • Began isolation in 1640s • Allowed Dutch & Chinese to trade at Nagasaki • Urbanization led to rise of a merchant class

  43. Russia • Peter the Great modernized the economy focused on mining and metallurgy • Serfdom • Began under Mongol occupation • Provided cheap labor for Russian agriculture • Could be bought and sold

  44. Mughal Empire • Continued manufacturing cotton textiles • British establish trading posts at Madras and Bombay in the early 1600s • British East India Company continued to expand their interests into the 1700s

  45. The Modern Era1750-1914

  46. Causes of the Industrial Revolution • Favorable natural resources • Population Pressure • Abundance of labor • Growth of large manufacturing sector • Cottage industry (putting-out system) • Advantages in world trade • Technological innovation • Government support of business

  47. Industrial Technology • Cottage Industry (putting-out system) • Mechanization of weaving • Cotton that took an Indian worker 500 hours to spin took a machine in England 80 minutes to spin • Iron smelting • Bessemer steel process • Energy • Steam engine and electricity • Transportation • Canals, steamboat, railroads

  48. Economic Effects of Industrialization • Labor changes • Factory labor was dangerous and toilsome • Initially women & children work in factories • Rise in white collar jobs for new middle class • High unemployment rates • Labor unions were formed to protect workers • Rise of consumer culture • Standard of living increases • Frequent economic depressions

  49. Economic Effects of Industrialization • New economic theories • Capitalism • Direct attack on mercantilism • Positivism • Socialism • The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Communism

  50. Global Industrialization • Industrialization turned nations into either manufacturers of consumer goods or suppliers of raw materials • Manufacturers: Western Europe, the United States, Japan, Russia(?) • Suppliers: the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, China, India Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Australia

More Related