Early World History

1. Early World History Indo-Europeans to the Middle Ages

2. Indo-European Invasions Triggered by Flooding of Black Sea 5600 B.C.

3. Indo-European Invasions

4. Indo-Europeans • Indo-Europeans (Aryan language) • Nomadic tribes • From Steppes of Asia • Herders and Grazers • Warfare using horses • Swept into Old Europe, Middle East, India starting about 5,000 BC Hittites

5. Indo-Europeans • Religion of war and male domination • Male gods of sky, thunder, war and mountains • Warrior Priests • Imposed ideology • Male dominance • Hierarchy Thor

6. Indo-European Conquerers • Aryans in India • Hittites and Mittani in the Fertile Crescent • Luians in Anatolia (Turkey) • Kurgans in eastern Europe • Battle-Axe People • Achaeans, Dorians in Greece

7. Diffusion of Indo-European Languages

8. Language Family Tree thebrain.mcgill.ca/.../i_10_s_lan_1b.jpg

9. Before Indo -Europeans • Sedentary agrarian society • Fertility and nature worshiped • Goddess gave birth to • World • Agriculture • Priests male and female • Women’s status similar to men’s • Graves equal Fertility Figurine

10. After Indo-Europeans • Herding introduced • Warfare, war culture dominates • Fortifications built • Male War Gods worshiped • Male dominated society, religion • Goddess loses status • Killed or raped by male god • Becomes consort of male god • Becomes goddess of war • Women lose status in society • Owned by fathers then husbands • Graves unequal

11. Early Civilizations

12. Early Civilizations • City states • Elites • Religion • Crop domestication • Animal agriculture • Trade • Metallurgy • Population explosion Bronze Age weapons

13. Mesopotamia • Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates fertilized soil • Irrigation, drainage produced early abundance • Competition and warfare between city states: • Ur • Uruk • Nippur • Babylon • Kish • Nineveh • Assur, etc. Fertile Crescent

14. Mesopotamia • Over-salinization reduced wheat productivity in south by 2,000 B.C.: • political power shifted north • Eventual large scale ecological destruction • Fields and pastures worked until barren • Forests destroyed for • Fuel • ship building

15. Egypt • Relative geographical isolation: strong central government, religion • Unification of North and South Nile by 3,500 B.C. • 2,000 year dynasty ended in Persian conquest 500 B.C.

16. Egypt • Yearly flooding of Nile fertilized soil. • Irrigation, drainage controlled by Pharaoh • Abundant crops: wheat. • Later would be conquered for its productivity

17. Indus Valley Civilization • Arose 3000 BC • Contemporary of Egypt, Mesopotamia • Lasted longer • 1500 years • Conquered by Aryans from north

18. Aryan Invasion of India • Aryans invaded 1750 BC • Indus, then Ganges valleys • Horse and herding culture • Vedas and Caste system • Foundation of Hinduism • Feudal Kingdoms spread through India • ruled by Brahmins (Priests)

19. Assyrian Empire: 600 B.C.

20. Assyrian War Bulletin (1000 B.C.) • “Asshur my Lord commanded me to go forth…I covered the regions of Saraush and of Ammaush with ruins…I proved myself against their armies at the mountain of Aruma, I chastised them, I strawed the earth with their bodies as they had been beasts of the field; I took their cities in possession, I carried away their gods, I led them away captive, them and their goods and their treasures;

21. Assyrian War Bulletin • “I burned the cities with fire, I destroyed them, I made them even with the ground, I made of them heaps and a desolation; I laid upon them the grievous yoke of my dominion, and in their presence I gave thanks unto Asshur my Lord.” • “I slew two hundred and sixty fighting men; I cut off their heads and made pyramids thereof. I slew one of every two.”

22. Assyrian War Bulletin • “I built a wall before the great gates of the city; I flayed the chief men of the rebels, and I covered the wall with their skins. Some of them were enclosed alive in the bricks of the wall, some of them were crucified on stakes along the wall; I caused a great multitude of them to be flayed in my presence, and I covered the wall with their skins. I gathered together the heads in the form of crowns, and their pierced bodies in the form of garlands.”

23. Biblical Warfare • Saul instructed by God to destroy the Amelekites (1000 B.C.): “Spare no one; put them all to death, men and women, children and babes in arms, herds and flocks, camels and asses.” -- I Samuel 15:3

24. Persian Empire: 525 B. C.

25. The World: 500 B.C.

26. Empire of Alexander the Great:323 B. C.

27. Greek Influence • Alexander the Great conquered the Achaemenid Persian Empire 323 B.C. • Introduced Hellenistic culture to the mideast • Maintained by subsequent Greek rulers until 130 B. C. • Greeks colonized southern Italy and Sicily for grain growing

28. Roman Empire • Romans conquered Italy and Sicily, • Romans then conquered the entire Greek world (except for Persia): • Asia Minor • Mesopotamia • Egypt • Much of Europe

29. Roman Empire: Wheat Empire • Roman empire dependent on wheat to feed soldiers, populace of Rome • Roman forts were granaries designed to hold a year supply of wheat in case of siege • Soldier’s rations were 3 pounds of wheat a day. • Barley was punishment rations • The Roman garrison in Britain consumed 1,277.5 tons of grain/yr • Much of it was brought by ship from supply depots Roman Fort

31. Trade Routes of First Century A.D. • Persians never conquered by Romans • Persians established silk trading routes to China

32. Roman Trade • A fleet of specialized grain carriers was used to import wheat from Egypt to Rome • Huge food giveaway program for citizens • Romans depleted their treasury importing luxury items and spices from India • Could no longer support food giveaways or army • Led to collapse of Empire in West

33. Roman Inheritance • Romans inherited 3000 years of Mid East Culture: • Writing • Art • Math • Science • Agriculture • Religion • Romans passed this culture on to Europe

34. The World: 500 B.C.

35. Shang Dynasty in China • 1700-1000 BC • First Chinese dynasty • Yellow River Basin

36. Zhou Dynasty in China • 1000-221 BC • Yellow and Yangtze river basins • Great Wall started in north

37. Ch’in Dynasty • 221-206 BC • Warring states of China united • Includes Yellow, Yangtze, and Xi River Basins

38. Han Dynasty • 206 BC-220 AD • Western expansion opens Silk road • Southward expansion for rice production • Central control of dams, canals, irrigation

39. T’ang Dynasty • 580-907 AD • Grand Canal Opened • Links Yellow and Yangtze river basins • 1100 miles long

40. Trade Routes of First Century A.D.

41. Expansion of Islam 632-1000 A.D.

42. Arab Empire • Islam swept through Arabia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia 632-660 A.D. • Much of Hellenistic culture of Greeks and Romans lost • Islam moved through North Africa, reaching Iberian Peninsula

43. Religions of Europe: 1100-1200 A.D. • Islam was a leader in science, math, and technology • Taught Europe during the Middle Ages • Christianity in Europe split: • Roman Catholic • Eastern Orthodox • Crusades against Islamic control of Holy Land: 1095-1291 A.D.

44. Mongol Empire

45. Mongol Empire 1279-1378 A.D. • Mongols conquered most of Asia • China, Central Asia, Persia, to Danube River • Great Military Achievement • Mobile army on Horseback • Trade within China restricted • Treasury Depleted • Foreign trade welcomed • Marco Polo visits China

46. Ottoman Empire 1300-1699 A.D. • Roman/Byzantine empire in Asia Minor conquered by Ottoman Turks 1176 A.D. • Ottoman Empire expanded 1300-1699 A.D. • Trade routes to China and India controlled by Islamic/Ottoman rule • Forced Europeans to explore alternate routes around Africa

47. Islamic World

48. Europe: 1400 A.D. • Many warring countries and city states • Many languages • Culturally unified by Catholic Church • Roman Catholic church in West • Eastern Orthodox in East • Effort to push Moslems out of Iberia • Venice a center of trade with Moslems