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Solar EOR: Myth and Reality in Solar Enhanced Oil Recovery

Learn all about solar enhanced oil recovery (solar EOR) and how to achieve the lowest possible steam and thermal EOR costs using Solarlite. Debunks the major myths about solar energy, EOR, solar steam, CSP and solar process heat. Avoid carbon taxes and dramatically reduce your carbon footprint. Also avoid locking your company into uncompetitive long-term EOR costs with inefficient technology. <br><br>Steven Geiger #Solarlite #solar #solarEOR #EOR #enhancedoilrecovery #PDO_OM #KocOfficial #Saudi_Aramco #Aramco #Chevron #AeraEnergy #CaliforniaResources #AirResources #LCFS #PEMEX #ONGC_ solar EOR pdf

StevenGeiger
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Solar EOR: Myth and Reality in Solar Enhanced Oil Recovery

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  1. Solar Thermal for Oil Production and Industrial Process Heat Steven Geiger Director of Business Development, Solarlite MENA New Energy Conference, Dubai, April 25-26, 2017

  2. Summary • Thermal EOR faces challenges from insufficient gas supply & carbon risks • Solar steam can help reduce EOR cost, emissions, and risks • Solarlite provides the lowest-cost, highest-quality steam for EOR • Solar EOR can also advance economic diversification, local job creation, and a better environment • Common equipment allows faster cost reductions - 1 -

  3. What is SEOR? Solar Enhanced Oil Recovery (SEOR): generating cheaper steam with solar mirrors for standard thermal EOR projects Solar mirrors Standard Steam Boilers (OTSG) simple tie-in to common steam header uses standard oilfield water Separator Can reduce natural gas consumption by 100%, but 25% is initial target Oil + water Steam in reservoir - 2 -

  4. SEOR solves multiple problems • Oil reserves getting heavier and harder to extract • Many countries lack surplus gas (must burn diesel or crude) • Lowers EOR costs • Reduces fuel price volatility (often 60% of total EOR costs) • Reduces carbon tax risk and gas hedging, making SEOR $3-4/barrel more competitive than traditional thermal EOR SEOR offers $2-4/mmbtu gas equivalent price with zero volatility and zero emissions. - 3 -

  5. Using two highly-proven & bankable technologies Solar mirrors producing steam Steam EOR CSP power plant Egypt 1912 CSP power plant Morocco 2015 $3 billion bank- financed 60 years’ of continuous steamflood EOR 2 billion barrels of oil recovered from just one field - 4 -

  6. Key SEOR markets SEOR requires: • heavy oil • high solar DNI • Lack of very cheap fuel, or possible carbon price 70% of immediate market is in 4 countries: • Kuwait • Oman • California • Partition zone (Saudi/Kuwait) - 5 -

  7. Kuwait Kuwait dry natural gas 2001-2013 (bcf) • Major plans for SEOR; short on gas; importing >3 mln MT LNG. consumption LNG imports • Needs heavy oil as light oil declines production • $75 bln heavy-oil program • KOC plans 270,000 bpd new heavy oil production by 2023, requiring 0.9 million bpd steam (19 GWth @ 100% SEOR) X • Solarlite won open tender to supply 1st SEOR project to KOC Kuwait oil fields - 6 -

  8. Oman Oman oil production 1996-2015 (kbpd) • Declining oil production -> aggressive EOR EOR increasing production • World EOR leader, applying multiple technologies (steam, miscible, chemical, SEOR) • Gas-constrained; LNG exports may stop by 2024 • Currently building 1 GWth SEOR • >5 GWth SEOR possible by 2022 - 7 -

  9. California California thermal EOR production (2015, kbpd) • 370,000 bpd oil requiring ~1.4 mln bpd steam 600 • Gas price <$3/mmbtu a challenge for SEOR, but carbon cost driving interest 500 80 Oil Steam 400 300 • LCFS credits trading ~$80/MT CO2 65 200 72 • 25% SEOR by 2022= 6.5 GWth 37 20 100 15 • Drop-in solution adding $5/bbl profit 29 9 11 6 8 3 0 - 8 -

  10. Four main possible technologies Linear fresnel Parabolic trough Glasshouse Solar tower Standard High-efficiency composite (Solarlite) - 9 -

  11. Key requirements for solar EOR systems • Direct steam generation • Wind resistance • Reasonable cleaning requirements • Flexible, modular design • Low-cost steam - 10 -

  12. Why Solarlite is the SEOR leader Process Advantage * •Modular blocks better suited to tight oilfield •Solarlite pioneered Direct- steam generation (DSG) and built world’s-1st commercial DSG power plant •Safe & clean: only water •Most solar thermal companies use synthetic oil: lower temperature limits and unacceptable HSE/fire hazard in a live oilfield •Simply connect to common steam header •Higher temperatures (550 C vs. 300 C) •Greatly minimizes execution risk •Up to 100% steam quality vs. 85% for standard OTSG •Modular for any size *actual CSP plant fire (Daggett, CA) - 11 -

  13. Why Solarlite is the SEOR leader Technology Advantage •Electro-hydraulic drive •Lightweight, rigid trough = excellent wind performance •Thin mirror = higher reflectivity (>96%) & total efficiency (76.1%) •Composite = lower cost •Patents and IP protection •Custom DSG receiver •Greater accuracy •Selective coating = greater spectral absorption, efficiency •Fail-safe independent power •Lower thermal losses = cheaper steam - 12 -

  14. Why Solarlite is the SEOR leader Competitors suffer from: Cost Advantage Low-cost DSG + Poor wind performance (De-focusing & twisting) HSE risks Lightweight, rigid trough + + X 10% loss from glass Low losses, high efficiency Excellent wind performance X 10% loss from poor reflector 20% loss from row shading = Lowest-cost, reliable steam $2-4/mmbtu gas equivalent Low efficiency & high losses from design limitations - 13 -

  15. Why Solarlite is the SEOR leader • Selected by KOC in November 2015 in an open tender to build Kuwait’s first solar EOR project • Beat all competitors including Abengoa, Glasspoint, TSK, and others • Solar steam is essential to Kuwait’s $75 billion strategic heavy oil program, offering Solarlite a substantial opportunity - 14 -

  16. Comparison of SEOR technologies Solarlite trough Standard CSP trough Fresnel Glasshouse trough Criteria Comments Shading losses by structure Shading losses by design Direct Steam Generation (High Pressure) low low low high Glasshouse structure reduces efficiency by 10% low moderate very high Glasshouse shading reduces efficiency another 20% unproven Proven at 50 bar 100 bar low Proven to 110 bar Proven to Commercial DSG experience is critical for SEOR Commercially-deployed DSG yes pilot yes pilot Commercial DSG experience is critical for SEOR Proven to 550C oil limit 390C Proven to 500C moderate very low CSP troughs de-focus/break in high winds, Fresnel mirrors also shake and de-focus proven to 312C High Temperature Higher temperatures more valuable in EOR Wind impact low high Dust collection low low moderate high Fixed glasshouse collects 3-5x dust of moving trough easy/low easy/low moderate moderate Fresnel mirrors located in sand abrasion zone Cleaning & abrasion Daily cleaning = daily abrasion Sand erosion low moderate moderate low Composite trough protect the mirrors Modular design Yes No Yes Yes Required for tight oilfield spaces Vacuum receivers increase efficiency (less heat losses) Troughs installed in UAE, Egypt, Spain, Morocco, USA deserts Rigid troughs + high efficiency = lowest steam cost Vacuum receiver Yes Yes possibly No Existing desert application Cost of steam Yes Yes Yes Yes lowest high Medium high - 15 -

  17. Solarlite produces the lowest-cost steam Head-to-head comparison with Glasspoint’s 1 GWth project in Amal, Oman Project size: Project price: MT steam per day: Solarlite (same size)___ (same price) 1021 MWth 1090 MWth $560 Million $600 Million 8700 MT 9290 MT Solarlite Glasspoint 1021 MWth $600 Million 6000 MT Solarlite systems are 45% more efficient and produce 55-70% more steam for the same price. Why burden your company / country with uncompetitive oil production? - 16 -

  18. Solarlite’s modular design is best for tight oilfield spaces - 17 -

  19. Myth and Reality in Solar EOR • Many myths & deceptions created about SEOR • Creates unnecessary confusion in oil community • Damages the advancement of SEOR - 18 -

  20. SEOR Myth #1 “Open solar fields can’t survive harsh desert conditions” • CSP was designed to work in open harsh deserts • Plants working normally in California, Spain, and UAE deserts Fact • the largest Middle East desert solar thermal plant is operating normally (SHAMS 1 in Abu Dhabi, 300 MWth) - 19 -

  21. SEOR Myth #2 “CSP can’t operate in high desert wind conditions” Solarlite operates efficiently up to 20 m/s windspeed (72 km/h) and survives 45 m/s windspeed (162 km/h) Fact 5 years of data from Spanish desert plant independently managed by DLR Here Solarlite temp proves stable at 400C with winds up to 10 m/s - 20 -

  22. SEOR Myth #3 “Dust and cleaning are such a problem in desert conditions” • Cheap & trivial • Low-water • Robot cleaning • Only 1x per week Fact - 21 -

  23. SEOR Myth #3 “Dust and cleaning are such a problem in desert conditions” • Remember, troughs spend most their life upside-down or vertical • In contrast, roofs are a dust magnet requiring daily cleaning (abrasion) x Glasshouse 50-60% of time 10-15% of time 24/7 dust depositing - 22 -

  24. Additional sand and dust control measures • A combined wind+dust fence is used where extreme dust control is required • Further reduces wind load on solar collectors, allowing full steam production in high wind speeds • Cleaning intervals are significantly reduced (once per week) - 23 -

  25. SEOR Myth #4 “Glass is cheap, so a glasshouse can make cheaper steam” Example: 1 GWth project in Amal, Oman Project size: Project price: MT steam per day: Solarlite (same size)___ (same price) 1021 MWth 1090 MWth $560 Million $600 Million 8700 MT 9290 MT Solarlite Glasshouse 1021 MWth $600 Million 6000 MT Solarlite troughs produce 55-70% more steam for the same price (and higher quality steam) Fact - 24 -

  26. Side note Haven’t we seen this movie play out before in solar PV? Remember 2007-2008? • High polysilicon prices force search for alternatives • $ billions invested in low-efficiency glass solutions (CIGS, CIS, a-Si, CdTe) based on a “glass is cheap” story What happened? Higher-efficiency PV absolutely crushed the low- efficiency glass-based solutions. And now history is repeating itself in solar thermal. - 25 -

  27. SEOR Myth #5 “Glasshouse design offers smallest SEOR footprint” Glasshouse footprint Solarlite footprint 216 Ha 6000 MT steam / day 300 Ha 6000 MT steam/day Land efficiency: 0.05 Ha/MT steam/d Land efficiency: 0.036 Ha/MT steam/d Solarlite uses only 72% the land required by a glasshouse Fact - 26 -

  28. Proven steam leadership in commercial plants Solarlite TSE-1 : World’s first commercial CSP power plant with Direct Steam Generation using PT • • • • • Electrical power: 5 MWe nominal Solar field thermal capacity: 19 MWth nominal Live steam temperature: 330 °C Live steam pressure: 30 bar Yearly Output: 7 to 9 GWhe (Solar radiation varies annually: up to ± 10 %) • • Peak efficiency (solar to electric): 18% Solar field area: 12 ha; Power block: 2.4 ha - 27 -

  29. Proven high-temp & high-pressure steam generation Solarlite DUKE / DISS facility in Spain • Direct steam generation running at 400-500°C and 110 bar since 2012 • 5 years of data, independently operated by experts (DLR of Germany) • Proven high-wind performance - 28 -

  30. Solarlite reference projects Project description Year Photo Capacity Location Type DUKE – 1st DSG High temperature Parabolic Trough Spain 2,5 MWth 2012 Research Almeria World’s 1st commercial DSG CSP Parabolic Trough Power Plant 19 Thailand 2011 MWth 5 MWel Commercial Kanchanaburi Solar – Biomass Power Plant with solar Cooling 2009 2012 500 kWth Phitsanulok Research Thailand First commercial Parabolic Trough Plant in Germany – combined with Biomass Duckwitz Woltow 220 kWth 2007 Commercial Germany - 29 -

  31. Wind-proof construction and robust components The torsion pipe allows continuous operation under high wind loads. ← → The solid composite structure creates a rigid parabolic body, using less steel & allowing superior optical focus and efficiency (76.1%) even in high winds due to superior handling of torsional loads. - 30 -

  32. Wind-proof construction and robust components Other CSP designs are sensitive to wind loads. ← → Solarlite composite troughs and components withstand high winds and sand abrasion. - 31 -

  33. Ultra-rugged equipment, extreme testing • a 1 kg rock was thrown at Solarlite mirrors • only localized cracks, easily repaired • no effect on performance • no possible damage possible to receivers (mirror sticks to trough) • Warning: do NOT try this on a glasshouse or regular CSP mirrors 5 cm diameter crack - 32 -

  34. Desert-ready, sand-proof construction with 30-year life • Solarlite troughs are manufactured with epoxy resin and glass fibers to create the highest stiffness and highest UV stability. The FRP material is completely covered with UV and scratch-resistant coating. • Longevity is > 30 years with excellent resistance to heat and moisture. • The material has a long track record surviving extreme conditions in ocean boats, yachts and surf boards. - 33 -

  35. Easy management of sand accumulation and sand storms • Sand accumulation is common, caused by drifting wind and sand storms • Solid base of the wind fence prevents sand accumulating inside the solar field, and protects troughs from high winds • Sand is easily removed from the fence base periodically • Largest operating solar thermal plant in a windy GCC desert uses a similar solution (300 MWth SHAMS1 in Abu Dhabi) Source: Shams Power Company - 34 -

  36. The BIG PICTURE: the greater thermal universe • Same equipment • Each a >50-500 GWth market SEOR • Scale economy accelerator: each benefits from scale achieved by the others CSP SIPH* * Solar industrial process heat - 35 -

  37. U.S manufacturing process energy Source: NREL, 2015 - 36 -

  38. U.S. industrial steam usage by temperature Potential market for Solarlite Source: NREL, 2015 - 37 -

  39. Best to start where there is a lot of sun - 38 -

  40. California high DNI and gas costs allow solar industrial steam Source: NREL, 2015 - 39 -

  41. The BIG PICTURE: the greater thermal universe Scale . . . creates SCALE . . . creates SCALE Today SEOR: $3-3.50/mmbtu CSP: 8c/KWh-e SIPH: 1.4c/KWh-th SEOR: $2.50/mmbtu CSP: 6c/KWh-e SIPH: 1-1.4c/KWh-th Cost SEOR: $1.75/mmbtu CSP: 4-5c/KWh-e SIPH: 0.7-1.4c/KWh-th 3-5 10 GWth - 40 -

  42. Join the solar steam leader & lock in the lowest cost possible for thermal EOR! www.solarlite.de - CONFIDENTIAL -

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