adaptations

1. Adaptations

3. (1) Desert Adaptations Deserts lack H2O, so plants must have adaptations to find and conserve H2O Ex. Cacti Thick waxy cuticle Small or no leaves NEEDLES- modified leaves to reduce SA Thick stems Extensive root system

4. (2) Wet Environment Adaptations Ponds, swamps, bogs, and marshes Extend leaves and flowers to H2O surface Floating leaves ex. Lily pads Special stems to move O2 to underwater roots (hollow stems allow gases to diffuse downwards and keeps stem upwards due to buoyancy)

5. (3) Fire Adaptations Fires are frequent in the Boreal Forest Fire removes old and dying trees and enriches soil with ash (neutralizes acid in soil) Ex. Fireweed Seeds must be strongly heated or singed by fire to germinate

6. (4) Cold Adaptations Sub-zero temperatures and dryness Tundra and Boreal Forests Heat-collecting adaptations Ex. Arctic Poppy- flowers act as miniature solar collectors to cause their ovaries to mature fast enough for short growing seasons Dormant period

7. (5) Nutrient-Poor Soil Adaptations Acidic soils in Boreal Forest due to humic acid build up from fallen conifer needs Acidic soils are not conducive to nitrogen-fixing bacteria, so inadequate nitrogen supplies in soil (needed to makes proteins) Carnivorous plants obtain nitrogen from animals Ex. Sundew, Pitcher Plant, Butterwort Parasitic plants suck host's xylem and phloem ex. Indian Pipe

8. (6) Shade Adaptations Thick tree canopy in Boreal and Temperate Forests Deciduous makes and beeches can block 98% of the sunlight SPRING EPHEMERALS- plants bloom early in the spring so life cycles are carried out before forest canopy appears