1 / 23

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE. Skin. ENTRY INTO BODY. The approximate order of descending effectiveness for Intravenous administration Inhalation route Intraperitoneal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intradermal Oral Topical. ENTRY INTO BODY.

Samuel
Download Presentation

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Skin

  2. ENTRY INTO BODY • The approximate order of descending effectiveness for • Intravenous administration • Inhalation route • Intraperitoneal • Subcutaneous • Intramuscular • Intradermal • Oral • Topical

  3. ENTRY INTO BODY • Industrial exposure to toxic agents is most frequently a result of • Inhalation • Topical

  4. SKIN • Organ of the body • Surface area is 2 m² and about 2 mm thick

  5. SKIN • Skin Functions • Body Covering • Keep tissue fluids in • Keep chemicals out • Keep bacteria, fungi, and viruses out • Permit movement of underlying muscles & joint • Sensors for touch, pain, and temperature • Adornment • Vitamin D production • Temperature regulation • sweating, blood flow • Sun protection • Detoxification/activation of drugs and chemicals • Immunoserveillance • Langerhaus cells, t-lymphocytes

  6. ANATOMY OF SKIN • Epidermis • Outer layer contains the stratum corneum • The rate limiting step in dermal or percutaneous absorption is diffusion through the epidermis • Dermis • Much thicker than epidermis • True skin & is the main natural protection against trauma • Contains • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Blood vessels • Hair • Nails • Subcutaneous Layer • Contains the fatty tissues which cushion & insulate

  7. CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISORDERS •  Skin disorders account for 23-25% of all occupational diseases • Lacerations & punctures accounts for 82% of all occupational skin injuries • Skin disorders account for 13% (1997) down from 50-70% in 1950s • Dermatitis is 2nd most common cause of reported occupational disease in US. • Underreporting of occupational disease may increase this by 10-50 times

  8. CONTACT DERMATITIS FOLLICULITIS AND ACNE PIGMENTARY DISTURBANCE NEOPLASMS, ULCERATION GRANULOMA CHEMICAL X X X X MECHANICAL X PHYSICAL X X BIOLOGICAL X CAUSES OF SKIN DISORDERS

  9. CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Chemical • Predominant cause of dermatoses • Primary irritants • React on contact • Damage skin because they have innate chemical capacity to do so • Most inorganic and organic acids act as primary irritants • Organic solvents and metallic salts • Keratin solvents • Injure the keratin layer-alkalis, organic & inorganic chemicals

  10. CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Chemical • Keratin stimulants • Skin undergoes growth patterns that can lead to tumor or cancer formation • petroleum products & PAH • Fats & Oil solvents • Remove skin surface lipids • Protein precipitants • Heavy metals precipitate protein and denature it • Reducers • Keratin layer reduced by acids and urea • Sensitizers • Chemicals, plants, biological agents

  11. CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Mechanical • Friction, punctures, irritation • Physical • Heat, cold, radiation • Ionizing radiation sources • Alpha radiation stopped by skin • Ingestion • Beta radiation can injure skin by contact • Localized at skin surface or outer layers of skin • Gamma radiation and x-rays are skin and systemic hazards • Skin cancer my develop

  12. CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Biological • Bacteria, fungi, viruses, & parasites. • Animal breeders, vets, horticulturists, bakers, tanners, bricklayers, etc. are all possible victims of biological

  13. CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Predisposing Factors • Age & experience • Skin type • Sweating • Gender • Seasons and humidity • Hereditary allergy • Personal hygiene • Preexisting skin disease

  14. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Contact Dermatitis • Most frequent cause • Irritant contact dermatitis • Causes damage at site of contact. • Important factors are nature of substance • pH, solubility, physical state, concentration, duration of contact, host & environmental factors • Allergic contact dermatitis • A form of cell-mediated, antigen-antibody immune reaction. • Irritants affect many whereas sensitizers affect few • Rhus, nickel, rubber, chromates, plastics, cobalt, formaldehyde, epoxy resins, etc. • May cause both types of dermatitis

  15. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Contact urticaria/Latex allergy • Caused by latex rubber products • It is an immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity to proteins. • Photosensitivity • Certain chemicals or organisms are stimulated to activity by light • Occupational acne • Contact with petroleum and its derivatives (cutting oils) or certain halogenated hydrocarbons (chloracne) • Coal tars, creosote, & pitch produce extensive acne

  16. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Pigmentary abnormalities • Exposure to chemicals, physical & biological agents • Hyperpigmentation • Skin darkening • Coal tar, pitch, plant & drug photosensitizers; ultraviolet light, radiation; certain chemicals such as arsenic • Hypopigmentation • Pigment or color loss • Physical or chemical damage to skin from thermal, ultraviolet, radiation or chemical burns

  17. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Sweat-induced reactions • Miliaria and intertrigo • Prickly heat or heat rash. • Cutaneous tumors • Neoplastic growths can be benign lesions, precancers, or cancers • Ulcerations • Caused by trauma, thermal or chemical burns, cutaneous infections • Granulomas • Cause by bacteria (anthrax), viral (herpes simplex), parasitic (protothecosis), botanical (thorns)

  18. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Alopecia • Absence of hair • Caused by trauma, cutaneous and systemic disease, drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation • Nail disease • Paronychia • Inflammation of fingernail tissue • Nail discoloration from exposure to chemicals; nail dystrophy from exposure to chemicals • Solvents • Systemic intoxication • Many materials absorbed through skin can lead to systemic effects

  19. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Burns • Types of burns include explosion, steam, hot-water, molten metal, hot-solid, flame, and electricity and radiant energy • Classified as: • First-degree • Second-degree • Third-degree

  20. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE • Diagnosis • Following criteria are used • Appearance of lesion • Sites of involvement • History & course of disease • Ancillary diagnostic tests • Treatment

  21. WORKERS COMPENSATION • Evaluation of occupational dermatoses • Diagnosis • Causation • Impairment evaluation • Conclusions & recommendations • Physical examinations

  22. PREVENTION & CONTROL • Environment • Planning • Process Control • Selection of Materials • Monitoring & Control Technology • Sampling procedures • Good housekeeping • Personal Cleanliness • Prevention of contact • Barrier creams

  23. PREVENTION & CONTROL • Personal Protective Equipment • Protective clothing • Fabrics • Gloves • Safety • Responsibility for Control

More Related