Understanding strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma sQGP

1. Understanding strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) (SIS program, Cambridge, Aug.2007) Edward Shuryak Stony Brook

3. Outline Qs: Why do we have strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) at RHIC? Is it related to deconfinement (T=(1-1.5)Tc) or quasi-conformal behaviour at $T>1.5Tc? What is the role of magnetic objects? Can one explain RHIC results using AdS/CFT? A picture is emerging� RHIC findings: collective flows and jet quenching Viscosity and diffusion constant from AdS/CFT, complete gravity dual? Phase diagram and lattice. Electric and magnetic quasiparticles (EQPs and MQPs) are fighting for dominance (J.F.Liao,ES, hep-ph/0611131,PRC 07) Flux tube existence/dissolution (J.F.Liao,ES, 0706.4465[hep-ph]) the magnetic bottle effect molecular dynamics (MD) of Non-Abelian plasma with monopoles(B.Gelman, I.Zahed,ES, PRC74,044908,044909 (2006), J.F.Liao,ES, hep-ph/0611131,PRC 07): transport summary; From RHIC to LHC Summary: are two explanations related??? Gsi, july 07Gsi, july 07

4. RHIC findings Strong radial and elliptic flows are very well described by ideal hydro => ``perfect liquid� Strong jet quenching, well beyond pQCD gluon radiation rate, same for heavy charm quarks (b coming) Jets destroyed and their energy goes into hydrodynamical ``conical flow�

5. From Magdeburg hemispheres (1656) to dreams of 1970�s�

6. One may have an absolutely correct theory and stillmake accidental discoveries�

7. How Hydrodynamics Works at RHIC

9. 2001-2005: hydro describes radial and elliptic flows for all secondaries , pt<2GeV, centralities, rapidities, A (Cu,Au)�  Experimentalists were very sceptical but wereconvinced and ``near-perfect liquid� is now official, =>AIP declared this to be discovery #1 of 2005 in physics  v_2=<cos(2 phi)>

10. One more surprise from RHIC: strong jet quenching and flow of heavy quarks Heavy flavor RAA consistent with energy loss q_hat = 14 GeV^2/fm (as for light quarks) but does not reproduce v2 (purely geometrical). Heavy quark transport calculations � with elastic scattering and resonance excitation � do a fair job on both. Third curve, parameters calculated in model using diffusion coefficient (can�t et both sets of data with the same value). Emphasize the power of using multiple measurements to constrain models � a necessary evolution of sophistication at RHIC!Heavy flavor RAA consistent with energy loss q_hat = 14 GeV^2/fm (as for light quarks) but does not reproduce v2 (purely geometrical). Heavy quark transport calculations � with elastic scattering and resonance excitation � do a fair job on both. Third curve, parameters calculated in model using diffusion coefficient (can�t et both sets of data with the same value). Emphasize the power of using multiple measurements to constrain models � a necessary evolution of sophistication at RHIC!

11. Sonic boom from quenched jets Casalderrey,ES,Teaney, hep-ph/0410067; H.Stocker� the energy deposited by jets into liquid-like strongly coupled QGP must go into conical shock waves We solved relativistic hydrodynamics and got the flow picture If there are start and end points, there are two spheres and a cone tangent to both

12. Two hydro modes can be excited(from our linearized hydro solution):

13. 2 Mach cones in strongly coupled plasmas(thanks to B.Jacak)

14. PHENIX jet pair distribution

15. AdS/CFTfrom gravity in AdS5 to strongly coupled CFT (N=4 SYM) plasma what people dream about for LHC experments -- a black hole formation -- does happen, in each and every RHIC AuAu event => thermalization, All info is lost except the overall entropy=area of newly formed b.h.horizon

16. viscosity from AdS/CFT (Polykastro,Son, Starinets 03)Kubo formula <Tij(x)Tij(y)>=> Left vertical line is our 4d Universe, (x,y are on it) Temperature is given by position of a horizon (vertical line, separationg From interier of``black brane� T=T(Howking radiation) (Witten 98) Correlator needed is just a graviton propagator G(x,y) Blue graviton path does not contribute to Im G, but the red graviton path (on which it is absorbed) does Both viscosity and entropy are proportional to b.h. horizon, thus such a simple asnwer

17. Heavy quark diffusion J.Casalderrey+ D.Teaney,hep-ph/0605199,hep-th/0701123

19. Gravity dual to the whole collision: �Lund model� in AdS/CFT Expanding/cooling fireball= departing Black Hole (Nastase 03, Sin,ES and Zahed 04,Janik-Peschanski 05�) If colliding objects made of heavy quarks Stretching strings -- unlike Lund model those are falling under the AdS gravity and don�t break (Lin,ES hep-ph/0610168) The falling membrane is created which separate two regions of two different metrics: it is becoming a b.h. horizon Now linearized version in progress (field from a static Maldacena string recently done Lin,ES arXiv:0707.3135, T00 ->1/r7 )

20. AdS/CFT suggests completely new pictures of gauge theory topology Instantons = D-1 brane=point in the bulk, at large Nc coalesce together (Mattis,Khose,Dorey 90�s) Monopoles = endpoints of D1 (string-like) branes Electric-magnetic duality includes duality between baryons and calorons (finite T instantons) as Nc monopoles (known before ads <= Kraan,van Baal �.)

21. Explaining transport in sQGP:electric/magnetic fight�Classical QGP� and its Molecular Dynamics

22. An example of ``dyonic baryon�=finite T instantontop.charge Q=1 config.,dyons identified via fermionic zero modes

23. Electric and magnetic scrreningMasses, Nakamura et al, 2004My arrow shows the ``self-dual� E=M point

24. New (compactified) phase diagramdescribing an electric-vs-magnetic competition

25. Energy and entropy associated with 2 static quarksis very large near Tc from lattice potntials Bielefeld-BNL R->infinity means there are 2 separate objects Entropy=20 implies exp(20) states At R=(.3-1.2)fm both are about linear in R <= What object is that?

26. Energy and entropy associated with 2 static quarksis very large near Tc from lattice potntials Bielefeld-BNL R->infinity means there are 2 separate objects Entropy=20 implies exp(20) states At R=(.3-1.2)fm both are about linear in R <= What object is that?

27. e-flux tubes above Tc?(with J.F.Liao, archive 0706.4465 [hep-ph]) Dual superconductivity at T<Tc as a confinement mechanism (�tHooft, Mandelstam 1980�s) => monopole Bose condensation => electric flux tubes (dual to Abrikosov-Nielsson-Olesen vortices) Can uncondenced MQPs do the same at T>Tc ? MQPs are reflected from a region with E field => pressure => flux tubes compression in plasma We solve quantum mechanics of motion in each partial wave

28. magnetic flux tubes at the Sun,(work without any superconductor!): so we need to work out the exact conditions where classical electrons rotate around it B: about 1 kG, Lifetime: few months

29. Classical and quantum mechanics of the flux tube

30. Self-consistent solution => stability condition of the flux tube

31. dissolution of the tube roughly at T>1.4Tc(lattice Bielefeld-BNL) Assuming this is the case and using our criterion we get density of magnetic QPs=> n(magnetic,T=1.3Tc)=(4-6)fm-3 Twice less than about 10 fm^-3 at T=0 (Bali et al, from vacuum confining strings)

32. Is sQGP full of flux tubes?  evolution with T: T=0, dual Meissner =>ANO At T<Tc complicated shape can produce entropy=o(L) but it is Nc independent => no electric objects, no color changed At T>Tc heavy gluon (and quark) quasiparticles first appear as ``beads� S=(L/a)log7+(L/b)log(Nc) As T grows further => less monopoles of higher energy => no electric field flux suppression =>``electric polymers� Very high T => wQGP, electric plasma, no bound states

33. Bose-Einstein condensation of interacting particles (=monopoles) (with M.Cristoforetti,Trento) Feynman theory (for liquid He4): polygon jumps BEC if exp(-?S(jump))>.16 or so (1/Nnaighbours)

35. BEC (confinement) condition for monopoles For charged Bose gas (monopoles) the action for the jump can be calculated similarly, but relativistically; jumps in space d and in time Comparable) ?S=M sqrt(d2+(1/Tc)2)+ ?S(interaction) = Sc =1.65-1.89 (first value from Einstein ideal gas, second from liquid He) provides the monopole mass M at Tc M Tc approx 1.5 => M as low as 300 MeV

36. Strong coupling in plasma physics: Gamma= <|Epot|>/<Ekin> >>1gas => liquid => solid This is of course for +/- Abelian charges, But ``green� and ``anti-green� quarks do the same!

39. So why is such plasma a good liquid? Because of magnetic-bottle trapping: static eDipole+MPS

40. We found that two charges play ping-pong by a monopole without even moving! Dual to Budker�s magnetic bottle

41. MD simulation for plasma with monopoles (Liao,ES hep-ph/0611131)  monopole admixture M50=50% etcagain diffusion decreases indefinitely, viscosity does not

42. short transport summary log(inverse viscosity s/eta)- vs. log(inverse heavy q diffusion const D*2piT) (avoids messy discussion of couplings) RHIC data: very small viscosity and D vs theory - AdS/CFT and MD(soon to be explained)

43. From RHIC to LHC:(no answers, only 1bn$ questions) Will ``perfect liquid� be still there? Is jet quenching as strong, especially for c,b quark jets and much larger pt? Is matter response (conical flow at Mach angle) similar? (This is most sensitive to viscosity�)

44. From SPS to LHC

45. Conclusions Strongly coupled QGP is produced at RHIC T=(1-2)Tc This is the region where transition from magnetic to electric dominance happen at T<1.4 Tc still Lots of magnetic objects => E-flux tubes RHIC data on transport (eta,D), ADS/CFT and classical MD all qualitatively agree ! Are these two pictures related?

46. reserve

47. Effective coupling is large! alphas=O(1/2-1) (not <0.3 as in pQCD applications)tHooft lambda=g2Nc=4piNc=O(20)>>1-1

48. At e=m line both effective gluons and monopoles have masses M about 3T exp(-3)<<1 is our classical parameter (Boltzmann statistics is good enough) At T=Tc monopoles presumably go into Bose-Einsetein condensation => new semiclassical theory of it for strongly interacting Bose gases, tested on He4 (M.Cristoforetti, ES, in progress)