Terry Eagleton

1. Terry Eagleton Criticism and Ideology George Hsieh, 2002/12/3

2. Categories for a Materialist Criticism • General mode of Production (GMP) • the dominant mode of a unity of certain forces and social relation of material production. • Literary mode of Production (LMP) • A unity of certain forces and social relations of literary production in a particular social formation.

3. LMP • Different or conflictual LMPs may coexist within a particular social formation. • Ex. “oral” and “written” LMPs • The internal complexity of LMP are constituted by production, distribution, exchange, and consumption, all of which will be function of its modes of articulation with other LMPs

4. Relations of GMP and LMP • the forces of production of the LMP are naturally provided by the GMP itself, of which the LMP is a particular substructure • the relation between LMP and GMP are dialectical • the social relations of the LMP are determined by the social relations of GMP • the social relations of literary production which reproduce the social relations of “general” production is historically variable and determinate

5. Categories for a Materialist Criticism • General Ideology (GI) • a dominant ideological formation produced by GMP.

6. Relations of GI and LMP • GI typically contains certain general elements or structures, which may at a particular historical stage bear significantly on the character of the LMP. Three general structures are linguistic, political, and the ‘cultural’ • A literary text is related to GI not only by how it deploys language but by the particular language it deploys

7. Relations of GI and LMP • Different LMPs may reproduce the same ideological formation. Conversely, the same LMP may reproduce mutually antagonistic ideological formations • The direct control of GI on the literary text is censorship

8. Categories for a Materialist Criticism • Authorial Ideology (AuI) • the effect of the author’s specific mode of biographical insertion into GI. It is never to be treated in isolation from GI, but must be studied in its articulation with it • It is not a simply matter to specify the historical period to which a writer belongs; nor does a writer necessarily belong only to one ‘history’

9. Categories for a Materialist Criticism • Aesthetic Ideology (AI) • a specific region of GI. AI is an internally complex formation, including a number of sub-sectors, of which the literary is one

10. Relations of AI, GI, and LMP • A GMP produces a GI which contributes to reproducing it; it also produces a (dominant) LMP which in general reproduces and is reproduced by the GMP, but which also reproduces and is reproduced by the GI GMP GI LMP

11. Relations of AI, GI and LMP • The ideology of LMP is itself encoded within AI; it is the effect of a conjuncture between AI and GI. • Reading is an ideological decipherment of an ideological product LMP GI AI

12. Relation of GI, AI and AuI • Authorial ideology may be an important determinant of both the type of LMP and the aesthetic ideology within which an author works • The relation between AuI and GI may be transformed by their mediation in terms of AI

13. Categories for a Materialist Criticism • Text • the product of a specific overdetermined conjuncture of the elements or formations set out schematically above

14. Towards a Science of the Text • What is the literary text? • The text is a production of ideology • Ex. A dramatic production does not ‘express’, ‘reflect’ or ‘reproduce’ the dramatic text on which it is based • The relation between text and production is a relation of labour

15. Towards a Science of the Text • in what sense is it correct to maintain that ideology, rather than history, is the object of the text? • Ideology is not just the bad dream of the infrastructure (false consciousness). It is more like a mesh, which filters other real in order to present the real it carries.

16. Towards a Science of the Text • For what would it mean to claim that a text was directly related to its history? • A text may speak of real history, but even if it maintains empirical historical accuracy this is always a fictive treatment • History ‘enters’ the text precisely as ideology, as a presence determined and distorted by its measurable absences

17. Towards a Science of the Text • What is the precise object of literary text? What doest the text ‘denote’? • The literary text produces its own object, and presents itself as its own product. • The text’s means of production would include the aesthetic categories (genres, forms, conventions and so on). • The text’s product would encompass particular themes, plots, character, ‘situations’

18. Towards a Science of the Text • How does text “concretize” the “abstract”? • The text strikes us with the arresting immediacy of a physical gesture which turns out to have no precise object because its fictiveness • Fiction (text) does not trade in imaginary history as a way of presenting real history; its ‘history’ is imaginary because it negotiates a particular ideological experience of real history

19. Towards a Science of the Text • How does text become “poetic”? • Fictiveness is a certain dominance of the signifying practiced over the signified—so that as the signified becomes more ‘abstract’, putative or virtual, the signifying process is correspondingly thrown into certain relief. The ‘poetic’ discourse is characterized by such a ‘disturbance’ of the normative relation between signifier and the signified.

20. Towards a Science of the Text • To what precisely constitutes the literary work’s ‘signified’? • The signified within the text is its ‘pseudo-real’—the imaginary situations which the text is ‘about’

21. Towards a Science of the Text • Criticism on Althusser • Althusser’s view: Art does not replace knowledge. What art makes us see is the ideology from which it is born, in which it bathes, from which it detaches itself as art, and to which it alludes • Eagleton’s counterargument: Ideology is not knowledge, it is not pure fantasy either

22. Towards a Science of the Text • Criticism on Althusser • Althusser’s Consumer-centredness: it is the reader who is the final guarantor of the validity of the text • Eagleton’s view: every text can be seen as a ‘problem’ to which a ‘solution’ is to be found; and the process of the text is the process of problem solving

23. Towards a Science of the text • The tasks of criticism • to examine the distortion-mechanism which produce that ruptured discourse, to reconstruct the work-process whereby the text suffers an internal displacement by virtue of its relations to its conditions of possibility • its task is not to study the laws of ideological formations, but the laws of the production of ideological discourses as literature

24. Animal Farm • Regardless Orwell’s personal statement, nonetheless, Animal Farm is not Orwell’s political advocate, rather, it is a product of the anti-soviet ideology. Moreover, being determined by this ideology, a pseudo-reality is created in Animal Farm to present an anti-utopian ideology.

25. Animal Farm • GMP: Economics recovering after WWII. • GI: Avoiding conflict to USSR, and concealing information related to her. • LMP: Censored by the British government • AuI: To reveal the evil side of Soviet gov. • AI: Journalism=>to reveal the truth, and claims for the freedom of the press.

26. Animal Farm • In relations to the anti-soviet ideology given by AI and AuI, the text acts against GMP, LMP, and GI.

27. Animal Farm • Real History: • Russian Revolution: October 25, 1917. • Antagonism between Trosky and Stalin. • Economics transformation of USSR. • German Invasion in WWII. • Postwar arrangement.

28. Animal Farm • Pseudo-reality in Animal Farm • Inversion of the chronological order of the events. • Real history has been simplified. • History enters as an ideology.

29. Animal Farm • Anti-utopian Ideology: • Power corrupts • Seven Commandments=>single rule • Oblivion of the ‘glorious past’. • Reconciliation between men and pigs. • Everything returns to the past.