BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

1. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

2. FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSONALITY EARLY LIFE PSYCHOTHERAPY TO BIOLOGICAL DISEASE BRAIN MEDICATION REVOLUTION – 1970’s - PRESENT

4. HISTORY • DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN • MOST OF 20TH CENTURY - LIMITED TO MENTAL HOSPITALS (1900 - 1970)

5. UP UNTIL ABOUT 1970 • LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN • RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY • DISCREDITING OF GENETIC THOUGHT WITH NAZIS

6. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY • SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BEGAN IN 1970s • NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF THE BRAIN (CAT; MRI; PET) • MUCH MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN – HUMAN GENOME PROJECT • PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

7. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY • INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE • DRUGS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFICIENT • CAN TREAT SERIOUSLY ILL

8. CONCEPT

9. DSM-III (1980) • REJECTED DYNAMIC MODEL OF DSM-I AND DSM-II • ADOPTED DIAGNOSTIC MODEL • SYMPTOMS INDICATE UNDERLYING DISEASES • NOT CONTINUOUS, BUT CATEGORICAL

11. CAUSES

12. CAUSES • BRAIN DISORDERS • OFTEN GENETIC VULNERABILITIES • EARLY CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES OR TRAUMAS • CURRENT TRAUMAS CAN CHANGE BRAIN

13. EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC • PROBABILITY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA • NO SCHIZ RELATIVES 1% • UNCLES/AUNTS/COUSINS 2-4% • ONE PARENT 6% • FULL SIBLING 10% • DZ 6-15% • MZ 30-40%

14. BASIC PROBLEM • FAMILIES TRANSMIT GENES AND BEHAVIORS, VALUES, CULTURE, ETC. • HOW SEPARATE GENETIC FROM ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES? • TWO MAJOR WAYS • ADOPTION STUDIES, TWIN STUDIES

15. ADOPTION STUDIES • GET GENES FROM ONE SET OF PARENTS AND ENVIRONMENT FROM ANOTHER SET • NATURAL CHILDREN OF M.I. PARENTS RAISED BY NON-M.I. FOSTER PARENTS • COMPARE TO ADOPTED CONTROL GROUP

16. DESIGN

17. HESTON STUDY • 47 CHILDREN BORN TO SCHIZ. MOTHER IN OREGON M.H. 1915-45 AND TAKEN AWAY AT BIRTH • CONTROL GROUP OF 47 CHILDREN OF NON-M.I. MOTHERS ADOPTED AT BIRTH

18. HESTON (CONT.) • 17% OF CHILDREN BORN OF SCHIZ. MOTHERS BECAME SCHIZ. • 0% OF CONTROL GROUP • OTHER STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ALSO SUPPORT GENETIC INFLUENCE (ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY)

19. ALCOHOL AND ADOPTION • GOODWIN – DENMARK • CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS • FOR MALES, FIND RATES OF ALCOHOLISM AS ADULTS COMPARABLY HIGH FOR CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS • INDICATES GENETIC INFLUENCES

20. GOODWIN (CONT.) • FOR FEMALES, DAUGHTERS OF ALCOHOLIC PARENTS DO NOT HAVE MORE ALCOHOLISM WHEN RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS THAN OTHERS • DOES NOT INDICATE GENETIC CAUSES

21. OTHER ILLNESSES • DEPRESSION • RATES IN ADOPTEES OFTEN RESEMBLE FOSTER PARENTS MORE THAN NATURAL PARENTS • INDICATES MORE ENVIRONMENTAL THAN GENETIC INFLUENCES

22. TWIN STUDIES

23. COMPARE MZ - DZ TWINS • MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ) - SHARE 100% GENES • DYZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ) - SHARE 50% GENES • RAISED IN SAME FAMILY, ETC. • CONTROL ENVIRONMENT, VARY GENES

24. DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZ. • SIBLINGS 10% • DZ 6-15% • MZ 30-40% • OTHER DISORDERS LESS DIFFERENCE BUT ALWAYS MORE MZ THAN DZ

25. LIMITS OF TWIN STUDIES • MZ CONCORDANCE FAR FROM 100% • ARE TWINS REPRESENTATIVE? • EXTENT GREATER CONCORDANCE FOR MZ IS SOCIAL NOT GENETIC • PHYSICAL SIMILARITY, MORE INTERACTION, SAME FRIENDS

26. neurochemistry

27. NEURONS

29. NEUROCHEMISTRY • NEURONS (BRAIN CELLS) RELEASE • NEUROTRANSMITTERS (CHEMICALS THAT COMMUNICATE BETWEEN NEURONS) INTO • SYNAPSES - GAP BETWEEN NEURONS • RECEPTORS - ABSORB CHEMICALS

30. NEUROCHEMISTRY (CONT.) • MENTAL ILLNESSES CAN ARISE FROM • MALFUNCTIONING RECEPTORS • TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

31. MAJOR NEUROCHEMICALS • SEROTONIN - LOW LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO DEPRESSION AND MANY OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES • DOPAMINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA • NOREPINEPHRINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO ANXIETY