1 / 129

Acid Base Disorders and Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation (Featuring a variety of interesting clinical diversions)

Acid Base Disorders and Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation (Featuring a variety of interesting clinical diversions). D. John Doyle MD PhD. Rev 1.5 Case 2 corrected UAG ignored. Outline. Motivation Blood Gas Sampling Acid-Base Disorders Cases Case 1 – Cyanotic Unresponsive Patient

Pat_Xavi
Download Presentation

Acid Base Disorders and Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation (Featuring a variety of interesting clinical diversions)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Acid Base DisordersandArterial Blood Gas Interpretation(Featuring a variety of interesting clinical diversions) D. John Doyle MD PhD Rev 1.5 Case 2 corrected UAG ignored

  2. Outline • Motivation • Blood Gas Sampling • Acid-Base Disorders • Cases Case 1 – Cyanotic Unresponsive Patient Case 2 – Lung Transplant Patient Case 3 – Patient with Severe Abdominal Pain Case 4 – Pregnant Woman with Hyperemesis Graviderum Case 5 – Ascent to Mount Everest

  3. Pedagogic Issues • This is an introduction only – many important issues are not covered • More so than most topics, advance preparation and reading is important • Problem-solving / clinical approach is emphasized over the mastery of detailed pathophysiological principles

  4. "Acid/base homeostasis is arguably one of the most difficult of the subdisciplines of physiology for veterinary and human medical students to master. There are several reasons for this. Typically, the approach to this material is highly quantitative and based on the physical characteristics and fundamental behaviors of acids and bases, which can be off-putting to veterinary and human medical students.“ "Neophyte students are also often intimidated by acid/base physiology, because it is patently integrative. Students quickly realize that understanding the data in a blood gas panel requires an appreciation for not only acids and bases, but also ventilation, gas exchange, dynamics of electrolyte and water movement, plasma composition, respiratory control, and renal mechanisms of hydrogen ion, electrolyte, and water excretion.“ "In addition, it is essential that the student develop an understanding of a host of other organ, metabolic, and structural dysfunctions that can potentially contribute acid or base loads to the extracellular fluid.“ from: Rawson RE & Quinlan KM, Adv Physiol Educ 2002; 26: 85-97

  5. Books

  6. Selected Acid-Base Web Siteshttp://www.acid-base.com/http://www.qldanaesthesia.com/AcidBaseBook/http://www.virtual-anaesthesia-textbook.com /vat/acidbase.html#acidbasehttp://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/162/6/2246http://www.osa.suite.dk/OsaTextbook.htmhttp://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2000/03_00/fall.htmhttp://medicine.ucsf.edu/housestaff/handbook/HospH2002_C5.htm

  7. MOTIVATION FOR LEARNING ABOUT ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS INTERPRETATION

  8. MOTIVATION In a survey conducted at a university teaching hospital, 70% of the participating physicians claimed that they were well versed in the diagnosis of acid-base disorders and that they needed no assistance in the interpretation of arterial blood gases (ABGs). These same physicians were then given a series of ABG measurements to interpret, and they correctly interpreted only 40% of the test samples. Hingston DM. A computerized interpretation of arterial pH and blood gas data: do physicians need it? Respir Care 1982;27:809-815. From: THE ICU BOOK - 2nd Ed. (1998)

  9. MOTIVATION A survey at another teaching hospital revealed that incorrect acid-base interpretations led to errors in patient management in one-third of the ABG samples analyzed. Broughton JO, Kennedy TC. Interpretation of arterial blood gases by computer. Chest 1984;85:148-149. From: THE ICU BOOK - 2nd Ed. (1998)

  10. MOTIVATION These surveys reveal serious deficiencies in an area that tends to be ignored. This can cause trouble in the ICU, where 9 of every 10 patients may have an acid-base disorder. Gilfix BM, Bique M, Magder S. A physical chemical approach to the analysis of acid-base balance in the clinical setting. J Crit Care 1993;8:187-197. From: THE ICU BOOK - 2nd Ed. (1998)

  11. Getting an arterial blood gas sample

  12. Ulnar Artery Radial Artery

  13. Blood Gas Report • Acid-Base Information • pH • PCO2 • HCO3 [calculated vs measured] • Oxygenation Information • PO2 [oxygen tension] • SO2 [oxygen saturation]

  14. Blood Gas Report • Acid-Base Information • pH • PCO2 • HCO3 [calculated vs measured] • Oxygenation Information • PO2 [oxygen tension] • SO2 [oxygen saturation]

  15. PaO2 [oxygen tension]SaO2 [oxygen saturation] a = arterial

  16. Pulse Oximeter Measures SaO2

  17. http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab3_1.php#definitionshttp://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab3_1.php#definitions

  18. CENTRAL EQUATION OF ACID-BASE PHYSIOLOGY The hydrogen ion concentration [H+] in extracellular fluid is determined by the balance between the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and the concentration of bicarbonate [HCO3-] in the fluid. This relationship is expressed as follows: [H+] in nEq/L = 24 x (PCO2 / [HCO3 -] ) where [ H+] is related to pH by [ H+] in nEq/L = 10 (9-pH)

  19. pH [H+] 7.7 20 7.5 31 7.4 40 7.3 50 7.1 80 7.0 100 6.8 160 A normal [H+] of 40 nEq/L corresponds to a pH of 7.40. Because the pH is a negative logarithm of the [H+], changes in pH are inversely related to changes in [H+] (e.g., a decrease in pH is associated with an increase in [H+]).

  20. NORMAL VALUESUsing a normal arterial PCO2 of 40 mm Hg and a normal serum [HCO3- ] concentration of 24 mEq/L, the normal [H+] in arterial blood is 24 × (40/24) = 40 nEq / L

  21. PCO2/[HCO3- ] Ratio Since [H+] = 24 x (PCO2 / [HCO3-]), the stability of the extracellular pH is determined by the stability of the PCO2/HCO3- ratio. Maintaining a constant PCO2/HCO3- ratio will maintain a constant extracellular pH.

  22. PCO2/[HCO3- ] Ratio When a primary acid-base disturbance alters one component of the PCO2/[HCO3- ]ratio, the compensatory response alters the other component in the same direction to keep the PCO2/[HCO3- ] ratio constant.

  23. COMPENSATORY CHANGES When the primary disorder is metabolic (i.e., a change in [HCO3 - ],the compensatory response is respiratory (i.e., a change in PCO2), and vice-versa. It is important to emphasize that compensatory responses limit rather than prevent changes in pH (i.e., compensation is not synonymous with correction).

  24. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ACID-BASE DERANGEMENTS End-Point: A Constant PCO2/[HCO3- ] Ratio Acid-Base Disorder Primary Change Compensatory Change Respiratory acidosis PCO2 up HCO3 up Respiratory alkalosis PCO2 down HCO3 down Metabolic acidosis HCO3 down PCO2 down Metabolic alkalosis HCO3 up PCO2 up

  25. EXPECTED CHANGES IN ACID-BASE DISORDERS Primary Disorder Expected Changes Metabolic acidosis PCO2 = 1.5 × HCO3 + (8 ± 2) Metabolic alkalosis PCO2 = 0.7 × HCO3 + (21 ± 2) Acute respiratory acidosis delta pH = 0.008 × (PCO2 - 40) Chronic respiratory acidosis delta pH = 0.003 × (PCO2 - 40) Acute respiratory alkalosis delta pH = 0.008 × (40 - PCO2) Chronic respiratory alkalosis delta pH = 0.003 × (40 - PCO2) From: THE ICU BOOK - 2nd Ed. (1998) [Corrected]

  26. Respiratory Compensation The ventilatory control system provides the compensation for metabolic acid-base disturbances, and the response is prompt. The changes in ventilation are mediated by H+ sensitive chemoreceptors located in the carotid body (at the carotid bifurcation in the neck) and in the lower brainstem.

  27. Respiratory Compensation A metabolic acidosis excites the chemoreceptors and initiates a prompt increase in ventilation and a decrease in arterial PCO2. A metabolic alkalosis silences the chemoreceptors and produces a prompt decrease in ventilation and increase in arterial PCO2.

  28. The Six Step Approach to Solving Acid-Base Disorders

  29. Step 1: Acidemic, alkalemic, or normal? Step 2: Is the primary disturbance respiratory or metabolic? Step 3: For a primary respiratory disturbance, is it acute or chronic? Step 4: For a metabolic disturbance, is the respiratory system compensating OK? Step 5: For a metabolic acidosis, is there an increased anion gap? Step 6: For an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, are there other derangements?

  30. http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab9_2.php

  31. http://www.medcalc.com/acidbase.html

  32. Case 1A Man and His Pain Machine

  33. Case 1 • Very healthy, fit, active 56 year old man for total hip replacement • No regular meds, no allergies, unremarkable PMH • Pain managed by self-administered morphine apparatus (Patient-Controlled Analgesia) Abbott LifeCare 4100 PCA Plus II • When wife visits, patient is cyanotic and unresponsive. “Code Blue” is called. (At CCF Call 111 for all codes)

  34. Case 1 • What is cyanosis? • Why is the patient unresponsive? • Could this be a medication-related problem?

  35. Case 1 While he is being assessed and resuscitated, an arterial blood gas sample is taken, revealing the following: • pH 7.00 • PCO2 100 • [HCO3 -] data unavailable

  36. Case 1 What is the hydrogen ion concentration? What is the bicarbonate ion concentration? What is the acid-base disorder?

  37. Case 1 What is the hydrogen ion concentration? [H+] = 10 (9-pH) = 10 (9-7) = 10 (2) = 100 nEq/L

  38. Case 1 What is the bicarbonate ion concentration? Remember that [H+] = 24 x (PCO2 / [HCO3 -] ) Thus, [HCO3 -] = 24 x (PCO2 / [H+] ) [HCO3 -] = 24 x (100 / 100 ) [HCO3 -] = 24 mEq/L

  39. Case 1 What is the acid-base disorder?

  40. Case 1 What is the acid-base disorder?

  41. Case 1 What is the acid-base disorder? Recall that for acute respiratory disturbances (where renal compensation does not have much time to occur) each arterial PCO2 shift of 10 mm Hg is accompanied by a pH shift of about 0.08, while for chronic respiratory disturbances (where renal compensation has time to occur) each PCO2 shift of 10 mm Hg is accompanied by a pH shift of about 0.03.

  42. Case 1 In our case an arterial PCO2 shift of 60 mm Hg (from 40 to 100 mm Hg) is accompanied by a pH shift of 0.40 units (from 7.40 to 7.00), or a 0.067 pH shift for each PCO2 shift of 10 mm. Since 0.067 is reasonably close to the expected value of 0.08 for an acute respiratory disturbance, it is reasonable to say that the patient has an ACUTE RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS. What is the acid-base disorder?

  43. Case 1 ANSWER FROM www.medcalc.com/acidbase.html (1) partially compensated primary respiratory acidosis, or (2) acute superimposed on chronic primary respiratory acidosis, or (3) mixed acute respiratory acidosis with a small metabolic alkalosis What is the acid-base disorder?

  44. http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/apsc/html/news_archive/041003_2.htmlhttp://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/apsc/html/news_archive/041003_2.html

More Related